Ministry of health protection of the republic of uzbekistan

Text A. EXCRETORY ORGANS

Various harmful and unnecessary substances are continually being formed in the human body. These substances entering the blood are eliminated from the body by the excretory organs, namely the kidneys, the skin and the lungs; the latter are passing out carbon dioxide and water vapour. The quantity of water lost through the lungs probably varies within small limits only. The quantity lost through the sweat varies, of course, with temperature as well as with exercise. It may be said that the amounts of water secreted through the kidneys and skin are of an inverse proportion to each other, that is, the greater the amount lost through the skin, the less will be secreted by the kidneys.

Through these three organs but mainly through the kidneys blood is being continuously depleted of water and the loss must be made up by the ingestion of new water.
Most of the body wastes are found to be eliminated in the urine by the urinary organs. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Urine is formed in the kidneys, which are the main organ of excretion. It then passes through the ureters into the urinary bladder which serves as a reservoir. The bladder is emptied through the urethra, which leads to the exterior of the body. The wastes are excreted as urine, which is normally composed of approximately 96 per cent water, plus urea and various salts. The density of urine appears to vary from 1.015 to 1.020; the PH averages about 6. The healthy adult seems to excrete an average of about 1.5 litres of urine from the body daily. From 40 to 65 per cent of all fluid taken into the body is eliminat­ed as urine, the rest, by evaporation from the body surface, evaporation from the lungs, etc. When the loss of water through evaporation or perspiration is increased, as in summer months, the urine volume is reduced; if the water intake is increased, the volume of urine increases as well.
The combination of a warm, rainy day increased liquid intake as well as moist air that prevent evaporation from the skin results in great frequency of urination.
The urine is being formed in the kidneys from many waste and harmful substances contained in the blood. Blood flows into the kidneys through the blood vessels. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed of these substances. Thus, the blood leaving the kidneys is pure while urine formed in the kidneys flows down special ducts — the ureters, passing into the bladder from which it is eliminated.
An excretory function is also performed by the skin. The skin being the cover of the body protects it from harmful external influence and serves at the same time as an excretory organ passing the sweat out.
Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the skin. It consists of water in which substances similar to those in the urine are formed but in smaller quantities. The evaporation of perspiration is known to cool the body and protect it from overheat as well.


Exercise 6. Read and translate text A. Translate the first passage in written form. Find and remember the meanings of the following words: the latter, through, only, that is, the greater ... the less.


Exercise 7. Find answers to the following questions in text А and read them.
1. How are harmful substances eliminated from the body? 2. What organs pass out carbon dioxide and water vapor? 3. What are the organs of the urinary system? 4. How is water eliminated from the body? 5. When is the volume of urine increased or reduced? 6. What process takes place in the kidneys?


Exercise 8. Read and translate the following sentences.
1. Most of the body wastes are eliminated in the urine by the urinary organs. 2. The bladder is emptied through the urethra which leads to the exterior of the body. 3. The wastes are excreted as urine which is nor­mally composed of approximately 96 per cent of water plus urea and various salts. 4. In the kidneys the blood is cleansed of harmful substanc­es. 5. Sweat is formed in tiny perspiration glands found in the skin.


Exercise 9. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the words as well as and as well.
1. The most important function of the kidneys is to remove urea from the blood as well as to maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids. 2. Urinalysis is an examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements as well as the presence of diabetes mellitus. 3. The purpose of this study is to determine the simul­taneous rates of bronchial and renal urea excretion as well. 4. Any doctor is responsible for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases as well.
LESSON 18.
Exercise 1. Learn the following words and word combinations:
choice [tʃɔis] n выбор, tanlov
retain [rɪˈteɪn] v удерживать, сохра­нять, tutib turmoq
constituent [kənˈstɪtjʊənt] n составная часть, tarkibiy qism
glomerulus [gləmə'ruləs] (pl. glomeruli [glə'merulai]) n клубочек, koptokcha
glomerular [glə'merulə] a относящий­ся к почечному клубочку, buyrak koptokchasiga oid
excess [ɪkˈses] n избыток, излишек, ortiqcha ko’p
precisely [prɪˈsaɪsli] adv точно, aniq
distinguishable [dɪˈstɪŋɡwɪʃəbl̩] а раз­личимый, отличимый, farqli
regard [rɪˈɡɑːd] v принимать во вни­мание; считать, рассматривать, xisoblamoq


Exercise 2. Look through text B in 10 minutes.1) Divide it into two parts and say what each of them deals with. 2) Find sentences with as well, as well as and translate them.