Ministry of higher and secondary special education denau institute of entrepreneurship and pedagogy

About postmodernism
Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse^[1][2] which challenges worldviews associated with Enlightenment rationality dating back to the 17th century.^[4] Postmodernism is associated with relativism and a focus on ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power.^[4] Postmodernists are "skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person".^[20] It considers "reality" to be a mental construct.^[20] Postmodernism rejects the possibility of unmediated reality or objectively-rational knowledge, asserting that all interpretations are contingent on the perspective from which they are made;^[5] claims to objective fact are dismissed as naive realism.^[4]
Postmodern thinkers frequently describe knowledge claims and value systems as contingent or socially-conditioned, describing them as products of political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies.^[4] Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence.^[4] Postmodernism is often associated with schools of thought such as deconstruction and post-structuralism.^[4] Postmodernism relies on critical theory, which considers the effects of ideology, society, and history on culture.^[21] Postmodernism and critical theory commonly criticize universalist ideas of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress.^[4]
Initially, postmodernism was a mode of discourse on literature and literary criticism, commenting on the nature of literary text, meaning, author and reader, writing, and reading.^[8] Postmodernism developed in the mid- to late-twentieth century across many scholarly disciplines as a departure or rejection of modernism.^{[9][10][11][12][13]} As a critical practice, postmodernism employs concepts such as hyperreality, simulacrum, trace, and difference, and rejects abstract principles in favor of direct experience.^[20]