Ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan the ministry for development of information
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Manual Wireless networks
Base station antennas
In cellular communications, sector panel antennas are most often used, which have a radiation pattern of 120, 90, 60 and 30 degrees. Accordingly, to organize communication in all directions (from 0 to 360), 3 (DN width of 120 degrees) or 6 (DN width of 60 degrees) antenna units may be required. An example of organizing a uniform coverage in all directions is shown in the figure below: 57 Fig.8.7. Macrocell base station antenna part. And below is a view of typical radiation patterns in a logarithmic scale. Fig. 8.8. Pattern diagram of antenna. Most base station antennas are broadband, allowing operation in one, two or three frequency bands. Starting from UMTS networks, unlike GSM, base station antennas are able to change the radio coverage area depending on the network load. One of the most effective methods to control the radiated power is to control the tilt angle of the antenna, in this way the irradiated area of the radiation pattern is changed. The antennas can have a fixed angle of inclination, or they can be remotely adjusted using special software located in the BS control unit and built-in phase shifters. There are also solutions that allow you to change the service area, from the general data network control system. Thus, the coverage area of the entire sector of the base station can be adjusted. Base station antennas use both mechanical and electrical pattern control. Mechanical control is easier to implement, but often leads to distortion of the shape of the radiation pattern due to the influence of structural parts. Most BS antennas have an electrical tilt adjustment system. The modern antenna unit is a group of radiating elements of the antenna array. The distance between the array elements is chosen in such a way as to obtain the smallest level of side lobes of the radiation pattern. The most common 58 lengths of panel antennas are from 0.7 to 2.6 meters (for multiband antenna panels). The gain ranges from 12 to 20 dBi. The figure below (left) shows the design of one of the most common (but outdated) antenna panels. Fig.8.9. Antennas of mobile system. Here, the radiators of the antenna panel are half-wave symmetrical electric vibrators above a conductive screen, located at an angle of 45 degrees. This design allows you to form a diagram with a main lobe width of 65 or 90 degrees. In such a design, two- and even three-band antenna units are produced (albeit rather large-sized). For example, a tri-band antenna panel of this design (900, 1800, 2100 MHz) differs from a single-band one, approximately twice in size and weight, which, of course, makes it difficult to maintain. An alternative technology for manufacturing such antennas involves the implementation of strip antenna emitters (square metal plates), in the figure above on the right. And here is another option, when half-wave slot magnetic vibrators are used as the emitter. The power line, slots and screen are made on a single printed circuit board with double-sided foil glass fiber laminate: Taking into account the modern realities of the development of wireless technologies, base stations must support the operation of 2G, 3G and LTE networks. And if the control units of base stations of networks of different generations can be accommodated in one wiring closet without increasing the overall size, then significant difficulties arise with the antenna part. 59 For example, in multi-band antenna panels, the number of coaxial trunks reaches 100 meters! Such a significant cable length and the number of soldered joints inevitably leads to line losses and a decrease in the gain: Fig.8.10. Construction of antenna systems. In order to reduce electrical losses and reduce soldering points, microstrip lines are often made, this allows dipoles and a power supply system for the entire antenna using a single printed technology. This technology is easy to manufacture and provides high repeatability of the antenna characteristics during its serial production. Download 6.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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