Ministry of Higher education, Science and Innovation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Self study work on Practical English of the 2 ne year student of Matniyazov Mukhammed of the department Civil Engineering on speciality

Ministry of Higher education , Science and Innovation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Self study work on Practical English of the 2 ne year student of Matniyazov Mukhammed of the department Civil Engineering on speciality : Building materials of Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh .
On the theme : Marble
Done by : Karimbaeva Qirmizi
Supervisior by : Djumashev Murat
Nukus 2023
Plan:

• What Is Marble and How Is It Formed?
• Physical Properties and Uses of Marble.
• Impact on the environment

• Marble is a metamorphic rock, composed mainly of crystalline calcium carbonate or calcium magnesium carbonate. Used extensively for sculpture and as an architectural material, it has become an icon for refined taste and culture. In addition, white marble is taken to symbolize purity and immortality. Powdered marble is used as an ingredient in paints, toothpaste, and plastics, or it may be added to cement or synthetic resins to produce "cultured marble."

Etymology
The word "marble" derives from the Greek marmaros, meaning "shining stone." This stem is also the basis for the English adjective "marmoreal," which refers to something that is like marble, or someone who is aloof like a marble statue. In addtion, the word marble is colloquially used to refer to many other stones that are capable of taking a high polish.

• Cultural associations
• As the favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects, marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste. In folklore, marble is associated with the astrological sign of Gemini. Pure white marble is a symbol of purity and immortality. It is also considered an ensurer of success in education.
• The extremely varied and colorful patterns of marble make it a favorite decorative material. These patterns are often imitated, such as in "paper marbling," a technique for producing colorful swirls on paper. "Faux marble" (or faux marbling) is a wall-painting technique that imitates the color patterns of real marble. Marble patterns are also evident in backgrounds for computer displays.

Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the metamorphism (transformation) of sedimentary carbonate rocks—either limestone (composed mainly of the [[mineral calcite) or dolomite rock (composed mainly of the mineral dolomite). The metamorphic process, which takes place at high temperatures and pressures, causes a complete recrystallization of the original rock into an interlocking mosaic of calcite or dolomite crystals. Calcite consists of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and dolomite, of calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO3)2). The temperatures and pressures necessary to form marble usually destroy any fossils and sedimentary textures present in the original rock.

• Pure white marble is the result of metamorphism of very pure limestone. The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties are usually due to the presence of minor amounts of other minerals such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert, which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone. These various mineral "impurities" were mobilized and recrystallized by the intense pressure and heat of the metamorphic process.

Later physical deformation and chemical decomposition of the metamorphic marbles often produces attractive coloured and variegated varieties. Decomposition yields hematite, brown limonite, pale-green talc, and, in particular, the green or yellow serpentine derived from forsterite and diopside, which is characteristic of the ophicalcites or verd antiques. Earth movements may shatter the rocks, producing fissures that are afterward filled with veins of calcite; in this way the beautiful brecciated, or veined, marbles are produced. Sometimes the broken fragments are rolled and rounded by the flow of marble under pressure.