Module 1 – Grammar

warm up 
verb 
An activity that a teacher uses at the beginning of a lesson to give the class more energy. See energy levels.  
 
PRACTICE ACTIVITIES AND TASKS
Brainstorm 
noun + verb
To think of ideas (usually quickly) about a topic (often noting these down). This is often done as preparation before 
writing or speaking. 
 
Categorisation 
noun
, categorise
verb
 
To put things into the group (category) to which they belong. For example, students might categorise a list of different 
foods into groups such as fruit and vegetables. 
 
Chant 
noun + verb
To repeat a phrase, sentence or poem, usually with others, in a regular rhythm. 
Choral drill: see drill. 
 
Communicative activity 
A classroom activity in which students need to communicate to complete the activity. 
 
Controlled practice: see practice. 
Drill 
A technique teachers use for encouraging students to practise language. It involves guided repetition or practice.
In a choral drill the teacher says a word or sentence and the students repeat it together. 
In an individual drill the teacher says a word or sentence and one student repeats it alone. 
In a substitution drill the teacher provides a sentence and a different word or phrase which the student must 
use (or substitute) in exactly the same structure, e.g. 
Teacher: 
I bought a book. Pen. 
Student:
I bought a pen. 
In a transformation drill the teacher says a word or a sentence and the student answers by changing the 
sentence into a new grammatical structure, e.g. 
Teacher: 
I bought a pen.
Student:
I didn’t buy a pen. 
Teacher: 
I went to the cinema.
Student:
I didn’t go to the cinema.