Morpheme and its units Toshtemirova Rano

Morpheme and its units Toshtemirova Rano

CONTENTS: I.INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I.AN OVERVIEW OF MORPHOLOGY 1.1. Morphemic structure of the English language 1.2. The types of morphemes CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF MORPHEME AND ALLOMORPH 2.1. The analysis of morpheme and examples 2.2. The analysis of allomorph and examples III. CONCLUSION IV. THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

• INTRODUCTION
• In this paper, we investigate morphenes and allomorphs,the differnce between morpheme and allomorph, and their features.
• Morphology is a study of words. It basically deals with ‘word formation’, examines the relationship between words, and analyzes their constituent elements. Morphology focuses on the various morphemes that make up a word. The concepts such as ‘morphemes’, ‘morphs’ and ‘allomorphs’ are basic to the study of morphology We argue that using syntactic subword units effects the quality of the word representations positively. We introducea morpheme-based model and compare it against to word-based, characterbased,and character n-gram level models. Our model takes a list of candidate segmentations of a word and learns the representation of the word based on different segmentations that are weighted by an attention mechanism.

CHAPTER I. An overview of morphology

• CHAPTER I. An overview of morphology
• 1.1. Morphemic structure of the English language
• The system of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation makes up a language’s morphology. This work presents an overview on how the form formation happened in linguistics.
• There are many approaches to the questions mentioned above. According to Zellig Harris "The morphemic analysis is the operation by which the analyst isolates minimum meaningful elements in the utterances of a language, and decides which occurrences of such elements shall be regarded as occurrences of "the same" element".
• The general procedure of isolating the minimum meaningful elements is as follows:
• Step 1. The utterances of a language are examined (obviously) not all of them, but a sampling which we hope will be statistically valid. Recurrent partials with constant meaning (ran away in John ran away and Bill ran away) are
• discovered; recurrent partials not composed of smaller ones (way) are alternants or morphs.

CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF MORPHEME AND ALLOMORPH

• CHAPTER II. ANALYSIS OF MORPHEME AND ALLOMORPH
• 2.1. THE ANALYSIS OF MORPHEME AND EXAMPLES
• Suffixes can also be used to tell the part of speech of a word. The following examples show the parts of speech indicated by the suffixes in the chart. Nouns: -ance, -ful, -ity, -ment, -ness, -tion Verb: -ate Adjectives: -able, -ful, -less, -ly Adverb: -ly
• Morpheme
• In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is calledmorphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is freestanding. When it stands by itself, it is considered a root because it has a meaning of its own (e.g. the morpheme cat) and when it depends on another morpheme to express an idea, it is an affix because it has a grammatical function (e.g. the –s in cats to specify that it is plural). Every word comprises one or more morphemes. The more combinations a morpheme is found in, the more productive it is said to be.

Conclusion

• Conclusion
• In these words the second forms are marked: "asks" is a verb in the third person singular which is expressed by the inflection "s". In its counterpart there's no marker like "s" but the absence of the marker also has grammatical meaning: it means that the verb "ask" is not in the third person, singular number.
• Such morphemes are called "zero". In the second example the adjective "higher" is in the comparative degree, because of the "- er" while its counterpart "high" is in the positive degree, the absence of the marker expresses a grammatical meaning, i.e. a zero marker is also meaningful, therefore it's a zero morpheme.
• There are cases when there's a marker which has not a concrete meaning, i.e. there's neither lexical nor grammatical meaning like: statesman. The word consists of three morphemes: state - s - man.
• The first and third morphemes have certain meanings. But "s" has no meaning though serve as a connector: it links the first morpheme with the third one. Such morphemes are called empty. Thus empty morphemes are those that have form but no content.

REFERENCE

• REFERENCE
• Siyu Qiu, Qing Cui, Jiang Bian, Bin Gao, and Tie- Yan Liu. 2014. Co-learning of word representations and morpheme representations. Dublin City University and Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 141–150.
• Mathias Creutz and Krista Lagus. 2017. Unsupervised discovery of morphemes. In Proceedings of the ACL-02Workshop on Morphological and Phonological Learning - Volume 6. Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg, USA, pages 21–30.
• Lee, Yongsung. 2008. Allomorph selection in Korean particles: Multiple inputs and Default allomorph. Korean Linguistics 14: 41-65. International Circle of Korean Linguistics.