Name: Javohir Tolibjonov Group; 2104

Independent work 12. Theoretical Grammar. 2 hours
Name: Javohir Tolibjonov Group; 2104

	true false
Old English is a language with free word order.	□ □
The concepts “basic syntactic order” and “underlying syntactic order” are equivalent.	□ □
The most frequent syntactic order in main declarative clauses with two verbs in Old English is SvOV [v = inflected verb; V= uninflected verb]	□ □
Germanic languages have two basic syntactic orders, which appear in nearly complementary distribution: V2 in main clases and V-Final in subordinate clauses.	□ □
V2 syntax is the same as SV syntax.	□ □
Within Old English subordinate clauses, those which more often present the verb in final position are conditional ones (with gif).	□ □
The syntactic order of ProtoGermanic subordinate clauses is difficult to determine, as we lack direct evidence, but we may infer from other sources that it was SOV.	□ □

2. Link each syntactic pattern in the column on the left with the OE sentence that illustrates it in the column on the right in A) and B) below: (S = subject; v = inflected verb; V = uninflected verb; X = topic; O = verbal complement; pt = particle; [ ] = subordinate clause)

XvSO	Þæt wæs god cyning	… þæt hi mihton swa bealdlice Godes geleafan bodian
[SvOV]	Gif þu me lufast, swa ic þe	… gif hie him þæs rices uþon
OvSV	Hie woldon þæt heora cyning wære se mæra	We habbað hwæðere þa bisne on halgun bocum
[SOv]	Þa com him to an searo smið	On þære ylcan wucan com sum truð to þæs bisceopres hierde
SvO	Se cyning hine lufode swiðe	Hwy is ðis gold adeorcad?
XvSOpt	He hine mid þam sweorde ofsloh	Ic sceal þæra oxena binne mid hiege afyllan
[SOvV]	Hit wearð geendod mid micelre styrnysse	… þæt hi hine ne mehton ferian
SvOV	Hie ofslogon þone dracan	Mid þam þe hi ðis spreacon…
XSvOV		Þa forrad seo fierd hie foran
[SOv]		Ælce dæge ic sceal on dægræd utgan

A)
1. XvSO - Þæt wæs god cyning
2. [SvOV] - Gif þu me lufast, swa ic þe
3. OvSV - Hie woldon þæt heora cyning wære se mæra
4. [SOv] - Þa com him to an searo smið
5. SvO - Se cyning hine lufode swiðe
6. XvSOpt - He hine mid þam sweorde ofsloh
7. [SOvV] - Hit wearð geendod mid micelre styrnysse
8. SvOV - Hie ofslogon þone dracan

B)
1. XvSO - … þæt hi mihton swa bealdlice Godes geleafan bodian

2. [SvOV] - … gif hie him þæs rices uþon
3. OvSV - We habbað hwæðere þa bisne on halgun bocum
4. [SOv] - On þære ylcan wucan com sum truð to þæs bisceopres hierde
5. SvO - Hwy is ðis gold adeorcad?
6. XvSOpt - Ic sceal þæra oxena binne mid hiege afyllan
7. [SOvV] - … þæt hi hine ne mehton ferian
8. SvOV - Mid þam þe hi ðis spreacon…
9. XSvOV - Þa forrad seo fierd hie foran
10. [SOv] - Ælce dæge ic sceal on dægræd utgan.3.

3.The following OE fragment contains eight subordinate clauses. Find them and mark the position of the inflected verb in each one of them. Then place them in the correct position in the grid provided. Say whether word order in these examples fits in the position for inflected verbs in other modern Germanic languages. Can you find a global explanation for the diverging patterns?

Þa se þa geseted wæs, comon seofon Breta biscopas and ealle þa geleredestan men, þa wæron swiðost of Boncra byrig. Þære tide Dinoð wæs haten þæs ministres abbod. Þa heo to þæm gemote ferdon, þa comon heo ærest to sumum ancoran, se wæs mid him halig and wiis. Frugnon heo hine and ahsodon hwæðer heo secoldon heora gesetenesse and heora þewas to Agustinus lare forletan. Ondswarede he him: ‘Gif he Godes man sy, fylgað ge him’. Cwædon heo him: ‘Be hwon magon we ðæt witan?’ Cwæð he: ‘gif Agustinus is milde and eadmodre heortan, þonne is he gelyfed þæt he Cristes geoc bere’.

	SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
	Word order like other Germanic languages	Word order different from other Germanic languages
1	comon seofon Breta biscopas and ealle þa geleredestan men, þa wæron swiðost of Boncra byrig. (Verb: comon)
2	Þære tide Dinoð wæs haten þæs ministres abbod. (Verb: wæs)
3	þa comon heo ærest to sumum ancoran, se wæs mid him halig and wiis. (Verb: comon)
4	hwæðer heo secoldon heora gesetenesse and heora þewas to Agustinus lare forletan. (Verb: secoldon)
5	Ondswarede he him: ‘Gif he Godes man sy, fylgað ge him’. (Verb: Ondswarede)
6	Cwædon heo him: ‘Be hwon magon we ðæt witan?’ (Verb: Cwædon)
7	Cwæð he: ‘gif Agustinus is milde and eadmodre heortan, þonne is he gelyfed þæt he Cristes geoc bere’. (Verb: Cwæð)
8		. Ondswarede he him: Inflected verb is missing.