Natural selection plan: Natural selection
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Competition
In biology, competition is an interaction between organisms in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. This may be because both rely on a limited supply of a resource such as food, water, or territory. Competition may be within or between species, and may be direct or indirect. Species less suited to compete should in theory either adapt or die out, since competition plays a powerful role in natural selection, but according to the "room to roam" theory it may be less important than expansion among larger clades. Competition is modelled by r/K selection theory, which is based on Robert MacArthur and E. O. Wilson's work on island biogeography. In this theory, selective pressures drive evolution in one of two stereotyped directions: r- or K- selection. These terms, r and K, can be illustrated in a logistic model of population dynamics: where r is the growth rate of the population (N), and K is the carrying capacity of its local environmental setting. Typically,r-selected species exploit emptyniches, and produce many offspring, each with a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood. In contrast, K-selected species are strong competitors in crowded niches, and invest more heavily in much fewer offspring, each with a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood. Classification 1. directional selection: a single extreme phenotype favoured. 2. stabilizing selection: intermediate extremes favoured favoured of original over over extremes. intermediate. trait organisms population 3. disruptive X-axis: phenotypic Y-axis: Group selection: Group B: after selection number A: Natural selection can act on any heritable phenotypic trait, and selective pressure can be produced by any aspect of the environment, including sexual selection and competition with members of the same or other species. However, this does not imply that natural selection is always directional and results in adaptive evolution; natural selection often results in the maintenance of the status quo by eliminating less fit variants. Selection can be classified in several different ways, such as by its effect on a trait, on genetic diversity, by the life cycle stage where it acts, by the unit of selection, or by the resource being competed for. Download 168.38 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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