Adiabatic process: occurs without loss or gain of energy as heat
Isentropic process: a reversible adiabatic process occurs at constant
entropy, but is a fictional idealization.
Isenthalpic process: occurs at a constant enthalpy
Isolated process: no matter or energy (neither as work nor as heat) is
transferred into or out of the system
44.
Atom - Atom- The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense
central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The
atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically
neutral neutrons. The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the
electromagnetic force. Likewise, a group of atoms can remain bound to each
other by chemical bonds based on the same force, forming a molecule. An
atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically
neutral; otherwise it is positively or negatively charged and is known as an
Ion. An atom is classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in
its nucleus: the number of protons determines the chemical element, and the
number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element.
45.
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