Notes 3/25 Essays back end of class Quiz Thursday 3/27

Notes 3/25

• Notes 3/25

• Essays back end of class

• Quiz Thursday 3/27

• No items today

• What about those boxes?

Historical Documents Methods

• Historical Documents Methods

• Spanish Explorers & Climate

• Huge cultural & Technological differences

• Spanish History and Institutions

• Crown and Church

• Mexican Period (very brief)

Inscriptions– El Morro NM

• Inscriptions– El Morro NM

• Diaries, including indirect observations

• First robin of spring etc.

• Governmental records (census)

• Church Records (birth/death/marriage)

• Private estate records (taxes)

• Land survey records/scarred trees

Temporal proximity?

• Temporal proximity?

• Spatial proximity?

• Expert or amateur?

• Changes in recorders?

• Scaled data or opinions?

• 28°F. vs. “Very cold”

Purpose of document?

• Purpose of document?

• Biased recorder?

• Extreme events
• Budget motives

• Was the witness willing to tell the truth?

• Independent corroboration** KEY***

Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502

• Columbus—1492,1493, 1498, 1502

Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca

• Alvar Nunez de Cabeza de Vaca

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

• Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

• Search for 7 Cities of Cibola
• 1540-1542
• 300 Spaniards
• 700 Indian Auxiliaries
• 1000s of head of Livestock
• An INVASION

Coronado’s

• Coronado’s

• Route in AZ?

• Maps lost

• Documents vague

• Names ambiguous

• Despoblado ???
• Disease???

• Native guides may have been lost

• No longer familiar with AZ Highlands?

Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico

• Lead 500 colonists from Mexico to New Mexico

• Livestock, supplies

• Traveled through Rio Grande Pueblo country

• First Spanish settlement in the American Southwest, near Santa Fe.

• Fighting between the Spanish and Native Americans--- Acoma

1680 Pueblo Revolt

• 1680 Pueblo Revolt

• Puebloans organized and revolted against Spanish settlements
• Pope-- Pecos
• Spaniards retreated to El Paso

• 1692 Reconquest

• don Diego de Vargas

Intelligence?

• Intelligence?

• Racist

• Technological ability?

• Proximate

• Cold vs. warm climate?

• Exceptions exist

Continental Axes Differ

• Continental Axes Differ

• Easier to share ideas & plants across longitude

• Latitudinal sharing hindered by climate, environmental barriers

Domestication dates

• Domestication dates

• Early in Eurasia

• Late in the Americas

• Little independent domestication in SW

Mammalian Domestication

• Mammalian Domestication

• Few candidates in the Americas (Llama, Alpaca)

• In the SW: turkey and dog only

Infectious Disease

• Infectious Disease

• Eurasians evolved with it, Americans didn’t

• Germs could invade prior to the people

• Devastating– 95% Mortality?

Killed: 20 M world wide

• Killed: 20 M world wide

• Infected 25% of pop

• Killed 600,000 US

Environmental determinism

• Environmental determinism

• Grand-scale geography key

• Eurasians had environmental advantages

• Domesticated plants and animals early
• Shared ideas easily
• Developed metallurgy and writing
• Co-evolved with infectious diseases

• Dominated Americans at first contact

ED = Environment sole determinant

• ED = Environment sole determinant

• Equatorial cultures unproductive: hot
• Temperate cultures productive cooler
• Racist, now discredited

• Environmentalism

• Environmental exerts influence, but not sole determinant
• Culture plays a major role

Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino

• Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino

• 1692-1711
• Reached Tucson
• Jesuit
• Technology
• Livestock
• Agriculture

Military Forts

• Military Forts

• Protection

• Indian Raiding

• Livestock (cattle, horses) abundant

• Farming nearby

• Tucson, Tubac, El Paso

• Ended in 1821.

San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert)

• San Xavier del Bac (White Dove of the Desert)

• Kino 1692
• 1770s rebuilt by Franciscans
• Just SW of Tucson
• Still active church
• Still active farming

• Tumacácori.

Cattle, Horses

• Cattle, Horses

• Sheep, Goats, Pigs

• Citrus, Figs

• Metal tools

• Guns

• Distilled Alcohol

• Epidemic Diseases

• Writing

Corn

• Corn

• Beans

• Squash

• Turkey

• Chili Pepper

• Tomatillo

• Sunflower

Mexican Independence 1821

• Mexican Independence 1821

• Mexican-American War 1846

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

• Gadsden Purchase 1854

Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s

• Several large stock grants in AZ, 1820s

• Abandoned 1830s and 1840s

• Apache raiding

Historical observations of people and environments

• Historical observations of people and environments

• Not without limitations

• Introduction of new environmental facets

• Domesticated animals
• Wheat
• Diseases

• Beginning of grazing in SW