O zbek iston respublikasi oliy va 0 ‘rta maxs*js ta’lim vazirligi
Qisqa m uddatli, uzoq muddatU va operativ xotira
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Operativ xotira.
|
Qisqa m uddatli, uzoq muddatU va operativ xotira.
S o ‘nggi pay tlard a s o b i q Ittifoq va chet el psixologiyasida x o ti r a t a d q i q o t c h i l a r i n i n g c 'tib o rin i e s d a o lib q o lish n in g d a s t l a b k i , b o s h l a n g 'i c h d a q i q a l a r i d a v u j u d g a k e la d ig a n h o l a t l a r , j u m l a d a n , t a s h q i ta a ss u ro t iz l a r in in g m u s t a h - k a m la n is h ig a c h a b o ‘lg an ja ra y o n la r, h o la tla r m e x a n iz m la r i, s h u n i n g d e k , u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l a n i s h m u d d a t l a r i o lziga j a l b q i l ib k e l n i o q d a . M a s a l a n , b i r o r m a t e r i a l ( s h a k li, m o h i y a t i d a n q a t ’i n a z a r ) x otirada m u s t a h k a m j o y olishi u c h u n u n in g subyekti tegishli ravishda q ayta ishlab chiqishi, z a r u r m ateria lla rin i is h la b chiqish u c h u n m a ’lu m m u d d a t t a l a b etishi tabiiydir. A n a shu m u d d a t o ra li g 'i d a x o tirad a q a y t a t i k la n a y o tg a n i z la r Mkonsolidatsiya“ Iash, y a 'n i m u s - t a h k a m l a s h d e b q a b u l q ilinga n. M a z k u r j a r a y o n n i i n s o n y a q i n g i n a d a b o 'l i b o ‘tgan h o d i s a l a r n i a k s s a d o s i d a y k c c h i n m a s i f a t i d a b o s h d a n k e c h ir a d i va ta k o m i ll a s h ti r a d i . Inson b u n d a y la h za lard a b e v o s i t a id ro k q i l i n a y o t g a n n a rs a la rn i g o ly o k o ‘rish d a, eshitishda d av o m c ta y o tg a n d e k tu y u la d i. U s h b u jara y o n kelib c h i q i s h i j i h a t i d a n b e q a r o r , h a tto o ‘z g a r u v c h a n b o l a d i , a m m o u lar tajriba o r t t i r i s h m e x a n iz m la r in in g faoliyatida 248 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi m u h i m a h a m iy a t kasb e tadi. S h u bois, u l a r n i n g o ‘rn i s h u q a d a r a h a m iy a tlik i, b u j a r a y o n l a r g a esda olib q o l i s h , e s d a s a q la s h , a x b o r o tl a r , m a ï u m o t l a r , x a b a rla rn i q a y t a e sg a t u s h i r i s h n in g a lo h id a t u n sifa tid a qaraladi. U s h b u j a r a y o n o d a t d a psixologiya fanida q isqa m uddatli xotira d e b a tala d i. J u d a k o ‘p qaytarilish v a q a y t a tikla shla r n a tija s id a m a - te ria lni u z o q m u d d a t d a v o m i d a e sd a saqlab q o lish x a r a k te rli b o ' l g a n uzoq m u dd a tli x o tira d a n farqli o ' l a r o q , q i s q a m u d d a tl i xotira b ir m a r t a j u d a q isqa vaqt o r a l i g 'i d a i d r o k qilish va qayta tiklab, s o ‘ngra qisqa m uddatli e s d a o lib q o lish bilan xarakterlanadi. H o z irg i z a m o n ilmiy a d a b iy o t l a r id a q is q a m u d d a t l i x o ti r a n i n g quyidagi: b ir la h z a lik , zudlik, d a s t l a b k i , q i s q a m u d d a tli va b o sh q a a ta m a la ri m avjud. Operativ xotira. Inson bcvosita am alga o sh ira y o tg a n faol, t e z k o r h arak atlar, u sullar u c h u n xizm at qilu v ch i j a r a y o n n i a n g la tu v c h i m n e m i k holat o p e r a ti v xotira d e b a ta la d i. Hozirgi z a m o n psixologiyasida ush b u h o l a tn i n a m o y i s h qilish u c h u n u s h b u m isol keltiriladi: m a t e m a t i k a m a l n i bajarish g a kirishar e k a n m i z , biz u n i m u a y y a n b o kla k la r g a ajra tib hal qilishni m a q s a d q ilib q o ‘yam iz. S h u b o i s , o r a li q natijalarini y o d d a saqlashga in tila m iz , oxiriga y a q i n l a s h g a n sari ay rim m ate ria lla r e s d a n c h i q a boshlaydi. M a z k u r holat m a tn n i o ‘q u v c h i o ‘qishida, u n i k o ‘c h i r i b y o z is h id a , ijodiy fikr y u ritis h id a , aqliy fa o liy a tn i a m a l g a o sh irish id a yaqqol k o ‘zga ta s h la n a d i. M a z k u r fa o liy a td a x o t i r a n i n g o p e ra tiv b irlik la ri d e b n o m l a n a d i g a n q i s m l a r h a j m i , k o l a m i u y o k i b u f a o - liy a tn in g m uvaffaqiyatli y a k u n l a n i s h i g a t a ’sir k o 'r s a t a d i . X o tira d a o m ilk o r, te z k o r birlik la rn i tark ib t o p i s h i d a a n a s h u q is m la rn in g aniqlo v ch ilik a h a m iy a ti k a tta d ir. Q i s m n i n g hajm i, k o ‘lam i, aniqligi, labilligi, ta k tik va s t r a t e g i k x u s u - siyatga ega ekanligi m u h i m a h a m iy a tg a eg a ( m i s o l u c h u n , po c h ta qutisi). R a m z iy m a 'n o d a y u q o r i d a m u l o h a z a y u r i t i lg a n x o t i r a tu rlari quyidagi tarzda: o p e r a t i v — qisqa m u d d a t l i va u z o q m u d d a t l i uzviy b o g l i q l i k k a egadir. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi E sg a tushirish E sg a tushirishga x o t i r a jara y o n i sifatida t a ' r i f berilg a n - d a , u n i n g t a ’siri n a tija sid a u z o q m u d d a tli xo tira t iz im id a a w a l m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n turli xususiyatli m a te r ia lia r va taas- s u r o t l a r n i o p e ra tiv ( t e z k o r ) xotira jabhasiga k o ‘c h iris h n in g faollashuvi na z a rd a tu t i lad i. O l d i n o ‘z l a s h tirilg a n m a te r ia lla r n i n g x o t ir a d a q a y ta tik la n is h i, y a ’ni x o tira d a t o ‘planib (yigkilib) qolg an izlarning f a o ll a s h u v j a r a y o n i m u r a k k a b yoki yengil k e c h i s h i n i n g d a r a ja la rig a b i n o a n tavsiflanishi m u m k in : a) bizni q u rs h a b t u r g a n narsa va h o d is a la r n i, h e c h ik k ila n m a s d a n „ a v to - m a t i k " t a rz d a tan ish ; b) q ariyb u nutilish d arajasid a b o 'lg a n n a r s a v a hodisalarni q iy in c h ilik va azob bilan eslash kabilar. A n a s h u t a l q i n d a n k e lib c h i q q a n h o l d a esga tu s h iris h j a r a y o n i n i n g ichki tu z ilishiga b i n o a n b ir n e c h ta turlarga a jr a t is h m aq sa d g a m u v o fiq : ta n is h — bevosita shaxs yoki n a r s a n i esga tu s h iris h (ix tiy o riy va ixtiyorsiz t a r z d a ) va e sla sh (x o tira ixtiyoriy yoki ixtiyorsiz h o la td a ) . Bu a s n o d a i n s o n n i n g t u r m u s h tarixi (h a y o tiy so ln o m a si), u n in g u n ir d a v o m i d a g i ( o n t o g e n e t i k ) x o tira si va u n i e s la s h sh a x s u c h u n a l o h i d a a h a m i y a t kasb etadi. T a n i s h — b u k o g n i t i v n u q t a y i n a z a r d a n t e v a r a k - a t r o f d a g i narsa va h o d is a la rn i inson t o m o n i d a n q a y t a idrok qilish sh a r o itid a esga tu s h i r i s h d a n iborat xo tira jara y o n i. T a n i s h m u a y y a n s h a x s n i n g h a y o ti va f a o li y a tid a k a tta a h a m i y a t g a ega. Bu x o t ir a ja ra y o n in in g sharofati tufayli biz k o 'r g a n , eshitg an n a r s a la r, hodisalar, voqeliklarni, in s o n - lar b i l a n qayta d u c h k e l g a n im iz d a ularni y a n g id an , b o s h d a n i d r o k q ilm a y m iz , balki ularn i qaysidir a lo m a tla ri, k o ‘ri- n ish i, xususiyatlari va b o sh q a la r g a asoslanib tan iy m iz . X u d d i s h u bois, te v a r a k - a tr o f d a g i o b y ek tlarn i (s u b y e k t- l a r n i ) i d r o k qilish ta jrib a s i b ila n u zviy b o g l i q b o l g a n t a n i s h ja ra y o n i a t r o f - m u h i td a g i voqelik (realiya) b o ‘yicha t o ‘g ‘ri moMjal ( o r iy e n tir ) olishga im k o n y aratadi. T a n ish o ‘z i n i n g a n i q l i g i , k o l a m i , y o r q i n l i g i x u s u s i y a t l a r i va d a r a ja la rig a b i n o a n h a r x i l ko'r in ish larg a ega. P sixologiyada 250 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi t a n i s h ja r a y o n sifatida h a m ixtiyorsiz, h a m ix tiy o riy t a r z d a n a m o y o n b o 'lishi m u m k in . T a d q iq o t natijalariga k o 'r a , ta n is h t o 'l i q , y o r q i n , a n i q a m a lg a o sh g a n b o 'l s a , u h o l d a b i r d a q iq a li ixtiyorsiz aqliy h a ra k a t tarz id a k e c h a d i yoki y u z a g a keladi. Bu j a r a y o n d a h e c h q a n d a y jis m o n i y , asabiy, aqliy z o ‘riq ish siz, o ' z i m i z p a y q a m a g a n h o l d a a v v a l i d r o k q i l g a n j i s m l a r y o k i sub y ek tlarn i te z ta n iy m iz . C h u n k i , i n s o n n in g f'avqulodda tajribasi, h ayotiy tajribasi, faoliyati bilan ixtiy o rsiz t a n i s h j a r a y o n i n i n g t u r i q o ‘s h i l i s h i b k e t a d i . M a b o d o t a n i s h j a r a y o n i o 'z in i n g k o 'l a m i b ila n n o t o ‘liq b o l s a , u a l b a t t a n o a n i q xususiyat kasb c tadi. A g a rd a b ir o r o d a m n i k o ‘r- g a n d a „ t a n i s h l i k h iss i“ u y g ‘o n s a , u n i o l d i n ( a v v a l d a n ) bilg an k ishim izga o ‘xshashligi b o ‘y ic h a s h u b h a l a n i s h i m i z m um kin. S h u n d a y ru h iy h o la tla r h a m u ch ra y d ik i, u n d a biz b i r o r i n s o n n i t a n i s a k - d a , b i ro q q a y t a rz d a , q a n d a y v a z iy a t d a u n i u c h r a tg a n i m iz n i xotirlay o lm a y m iz . B u n d a y h o ld ag i n o t o l i q yoki y e ta r li d a r a j a d a t o ‘liq b o ‘l m a g a n t a n i s h j a r a y o n i o ‘ziga xos m u r a k k a b ixtiyoriylik x u s u s iy a tla rin i kasb etad i. O b y e k tn i (su b y e k tn i) idrok q ilish g a a s o s la n g a n h o l d a u n i a n iq tan ish u c h u n b iz turli v a z iy a tla rn i e slash g a h a r a k a t qilam iz. B u n d a y ru h iy h o la tla r t a n i s h j a r a y o n i n i esga tushirishga k o ‘c h g a n d a y t a s a w u r u y g ‘o ta d i. Esga tushirish j a r a y o n i t a n i s h d a n farqli o 'l a r o q , m o ‘l- j a ll a n g a n oby ek tn i (su b y e k tn i) q a y ta d a n i d r o k q i l m a s d a n eslash orqali bevosita a m a l g a oshiriladi. F avquloddagi d a q i q a la rd a r o ‘yobga c h i q a r ila y o tg a n fao- liyatning m a z m u n i esga t u s h iris h n i aks e t t i r s a - d a , u s h b u faoliyat m axsus t a rz d a u n i esga tu s h irish g a y o ‘n a l m a g a n b o 'l a d i . B u n d a y k o 'r i n i s h d a g i esga t u s h i r i s h i x t iy o r s iz d e y ils a -d a , u b i r o r - b ir tas h q i yoki ichki tu rtk is iz , o ‘z i d a n - o lzi y u z a g a kelm aydi. Ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h u r i s h n i n g turtkisi — b u p r e d m e t n i ( s u b y e k t n i ) i d r o k q i l i s h , t a s a w u r o b ra z la rin i yaratish , fik rla r n in g t u g ‘ilish j a r a y o n i h is o b - l a n i b , u la r n i m u a y y a n t a s h q i t a ’sirlar ( o m i l l a r ) k e ltirib c h iq arad i. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi T a s o d i f i y h o l a t la r d a o b y e k tla r n i (su b y e k tlarn i) idrok qilish y u z a g a k e itirg a n ixtiyorsiz esga tu sh irish b e ta r tib (x a o ti k ) b o 'l m a s d a n , balki m u a y y a n narsalarga y o ‘nalish x u su s iy a tig a egadir. F i k r v a o b r a z l a m i esga t u s h i r i s h n i n g m a z m u n i va y o ' n a l i s h i n i , avvalgi t a j r i b a l a r n i t o ' p l a n g a n b i l i m l a r — a s s o t s ia t s i y a l a r b elgilaydi. G o h o in so n t o m o n i d a n esga t u s h i r i s h t u r t k i l a r i s e z il m a s l i g i s a b a b li u s h b u j a r a y o n o ‘z i d a n - o ‘zi vujudga k e lg a n d a y tuyuladi. I x t i y o r s i z e s g a t u s h i r i s h y o ‘n a l g a n , t a s h k i l l a s h g a n b o ‘lishi u c h u n o b y e k t l a r n i ( s u b y e k tla r n i) id ro k qilish n i t a s o d i f i y t u r t k i e m a s , b a lk i m a z k u r d a q i q a l a r d a sh a x s t o m o n i d a n a m a l g a o s h i r i l a y o t g a n m u a y y a n f a o l i y a t m a z m u n i keltirib c h i q a r a d i . M a s a la n , o ‘qilgan k ito b n in g m a z m u n i t a ’sirida k ishida u n in g tajribalarini ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h i r i s h n i n g y o ‘nalganligi va tashkillashtirilganligi ortadi. M a z k u r m u l o h a z a la r d a n kelib c h i q q a n h o ld a ixtiyorsiz esga t u s h i r i s h n i ix tiy o rsiz e s d a o lib q o lis h j a r a y o n i s if a t i d a b o s h q a r i s h m a q s a d g a m u v o f i q . A g a r d a o l i y m a k t a b o 'q i t u v c h i s i m a ’ruzani m a n tiq li, m a 'n o l i, tartibli, tizimli a m a l g a o sh irsa , m a s h g ‘u l o t la r d a talab a la rd a oldingi tajriba m a h s u ll a r in i ta s hkilla shtirish uqu v i ortadi. O d a t d a in so n o ‘z o ld ig a q o ‘ygan m a q s a d d a n kelib c h iq a d ig a n ixtiyoriy esga tu s h iris h n i re p ro d u k tiv topshiriq yoki m u a m m o yuzaga k eltirad i. M a b o d o o kzlashtirilgan m a te r ia ll a r x o t ir a d a p u x ta m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n b o ‘lsa, u h o l d a ularn i esga tu sh iris h yengil k e c h a d i. B a 'z a n m a te ria lia rn i h a r q a n d a y v az iya tda, turli y o s h d a g i in s o n la r t o m o n i d a n eslash im k o n i vujudga k e l m a s a , u t a q d i r d a q iy i n c h ili k n i o s o n , yengil y e n g ish m a q s a d i d a faol q id iru v faoliyatini a m alg a osh irish za rur. B u n d a y y o 'sin d a g i esga tushirish eslash jara y o n i d e b ataladi. E slash ixtiyoriy e sd a olib qolishga o ‘xshab m u r a k k a b aqliy h a ra k a t xususiyatiga ega bo lishi m um kin. K a sb-koridan q a t ’i n a z a r, h a r q a n d a y shaxs oby ek t va subyektlarni o q ilo n a eslash k o ‘n ik m asin i ega lla shga intilishi (o d a tla n ish i) lozim . M a ’l u m k i , i n s o n n i n g o ‘z b i l im l a r i d a n f o y d a l a n i s h n i n g tayyorgarlik darajasi va mahsuldorligi unga bevosita bog liq d ir. 252 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi T a jrib a la rn in g k o ‘rsatishiga q a ra g a n d a , p u x ta , m u s t a h k a m e s d a olib qolish j a r a y o n i m u v affaqiyatli e sg a tu s h ir i s h n i t a ’m inlaydi. S h u n i ta 'k i d l a s h jo iz k i, eslash n in g m u v a ff a q iy a ti k o ‘p j i h a t d a n r e p r o d u k t iv t o p s h i r i q n i n g m a z m u n i n e c h o g i i q a n iq , y o rq in , a n i q l a n g a n boMishiga b o g l i q . M a b o d o eslash j a r a y o n i d a q i y i n c h i l i k l a r v u j u d g a k e l s a , u t a q d i r d a r e p r o d u k t iv t o p s h ir i q m o h i y a t i d a n kelib c h i q q a n h o l d a f ik r la s h , x o t i r l a s h k c n g k o l a m d a g i b i l i m l a r d a n t o r r o q t i z i m l i b i l i m l a r sari y o 'n a l t i r i l i s h i j o i z . B u n i n g u c h u n d a s t a v v a l n i m a n i e s g a t u s h i r i s h a n i q l a n g a n d a n k e y i n a s s o t s i a t s i y a i a r n i f a o l l a s h t i r i s h n i a q s a d i d a s o l i s h t i r i s h , q i y o s l a s h , f a r q l a s h , o 'x s h a t i s h , a q l i y o p e r a t s i y a l a r d a n f o y d a la n i s h m a q s a d g a m u v o fiq . E slash x o t i r a n i n g esga tu sh irish ja ra y o n i singari ta n l a s h yoki sa ra la sh x u s u siy a tig a ega. Inson n u tq id a a n i q m u ja s s a m la s h g a n v a a n g l a n i lg a n re p ro d u k tiv to p s h iriq (vazifa, m asala , m u a m m o ) e s l a s h n in g keyingi aqliy h a r a k a tg a yo'n a ltirilg an lig i tu fa y li x o tira m a h s u i i n i n g e n g m u h i m i n i a jra tib y o k i t a n l a b o l i s h g a y o r d a m beradi. E s l a s h n i n g m u v a ff a q iy a ti k o ‘p j i h a t d a n u n i a m a l g a o s h iris h d a aqliy usul va v o sita la rd a n q a n d a y f o y d a la n i s h g a b o g ’liq. X o tira n in g m u h i m vositalari q a to r i g a q u y id a g ila r kiradi: m ateria lla rn i ( k o i a m i va h ajm iga b i n o a n ) e s la s h n in g r e j a s i n i t u z i s h ; o b y e k t v a s u b y e k t m o h i y a t i h a m d a xususiyatiga m u ta n o s ib o b ra z la rn i (tim so llarn i) k o ‘z o ‘ngiga keltirish; bilvosita assotsiatsiyaiarni p a y d o qiluvchi m a q s a d g a y o ‘n altirilgan ichki va tash q i turtki ( m o tiv )la rn i q o ‘z g ‘atish va boshqarish. E s l a s h n i n g m u v a f f a q i y a t l i k e c h i s h i k o ‘p j i h a t d a n r e p r o d u k t i v t o p s h i r i q n i b a j a r i s h n i n g q a n c h a l i k a s o s - lan g an lig ig ajid d iy b o g ‘liq. M u a m m o n i n g a s o s la n g a n lig i u n i shaxs t o m o n i d a n an g lash sari yetaklaydi. Eslash j a r a y o n i o ‘t m i s h ta a s s u r o tl a r i n i o d d i y t a r z d a esga t u s h iris h g in a e m a s , balki u oldingi b i l im l a r n i n g y a n g i- lari bilan a lo q a g a kirishuvi, y a n g ic h a ta rtib g a k eltirilishi, c h u q u r r o q an g la n ish d arajasiga o ‘sib o ‘tishi h a m d i r . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi S h u n i t a ’kidlash lo z im k i, sh a x s d a eslash j a r a y o n i d a i s h o n c h hissining u y g ‘o n is h i esga tu sh irish g a k a t ta t a ’sir k o ‘rs a ta d i. X o t i r o t (e s d alik la rn in g shaxsiy m a jm u a si) — b u sh ax s- n i n g o ‘tm is h d a g i o b ra z la r, vo q elik lar va ta a s su ro tla rin in g f a z o v iy l a s h u v i h a m d a v a q t ( d a v r) j i h a t d a n a n i q ifo d a - la n ilis h ig a asoslanib esga tu shirishdir. X o tirla sh d a n a fa q a t o ‘t m i s h oby ek tlari va subyektlari esga tushiriladi, balki u lar m u a y y a n v aq t va fa zo j i h a t d a n m u v ofiqlashtirila di, y a ’ni u l a r n i q a c h o n , q a y e rd a , q a n d a y s h a r o itd a kechganligi esga tu s h i r ila d i. Bu m a h s u lla rn in g n atijasida u lar t u r m u s h n i n g m u a y y a n davri bilan b o g l a n a d i , u la rn in g davriy kechishi i n s o n l a r t o m o n i d a n a n g la b yctiladi. H a r b i r i n s o n n i n g s h ax siy t u r m u s h tarixi u y a s h a - y o t g a n j a m i y a t n i n g ijtim oiy voqeliklari bilan c h a m b a r c h a s b o g ‘liq. B o rliqning, ijtim oiy h a y o tn in g hodisalari, holatlari, v o q e l i k l a r i , o b y e k t i v h a m d a s u b y e k t i v x u s u s i y a t l a r i , k e c h i n m a l a r i , sh ax sn in g m u a y y a n esdaliklari m a 'l u m vaqt ( d a v r , m u d d a t ) b i l a n c h e k l a n g a n l i k va q u r s h a b o l i n - g a n l i k n i n g t a y a n c h negizi sifatida xizm at qiladi. J u m l a d a n , i n s o n b i r o r narsa, s a n a va voqelikni cslaganida, u m a z k u r h o d is a m ustaqillik b ayram i arafasida, y a ’ni XX a sm in g oxirgi o ‘n yillig id a s o d i r e t i lg a n l ig in i t a ’kidlaydi. S h u n i n g d e k , xotiro t (esdalik) m u r a k k a b aqliy faoliyat, j a r a y o n b i la n a lo q a d a b o 'lib , esga tush irish v o q e liklarni, u l a r n i n g k e tm a - k e t li g i n i , o ‘za ro sababiy bogMiqligini a n g - lash ( t u s h u n i s h ) n i n g za ru ra ti h isoblanadi. S h u n in g u c h u n i n s o n e sd a lik (x o tirot)larining m a z m u n i , m ohiyati, m a ’nosi o ‘z g a r m a y qolishi aslo m u m k i n em as . C h u n k i, xotiro t qotib q o l g a n k o g n itiv ta rk ib e m a s , balki d i n a m i k xususiyatli x o t i r a j a r a y o n i d i r . S h a x s y o ‘n a!is h i e v o l u t s i o n ( t a b i i y r a v i s h d a , a s t a - s e k i n o kz g a rib b o r u v c h a n l i k ) t a m o y i l g a a s o sla n g a n lig i tufayli u q a y t a fïkr yuritishga, m a ’n o n i fikran q a y t a q u r is h g a moyil. S h a x s n in g xotiroti (esdaliklari) u n i n g shaxsiy h a y o ti, s a r g u z a s h tla r i bilan alo q ad o rlig i sababli u d o im o u la r bilan b i r q a t o r d a r a n g - b a r a n g e m o t s i o n a l h o la tla r, m u r a k k a b ic h k i k e c h i n m a l a r h a m o h a n g l ig i d a kechadi. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi Unutish va esda saqlash U n u t i s h x o t i r a j a r a y o n i sifatida t a 'r i f g a c g a b o klib, o 'z in in g vujudga kelish xususiyatiga b o g lliq h o ld a o lta c h u q u r va y uzaki k o 'r in is h la rg a ega. S h u bois, u n u t i l g a n o b r a z - l a r n in g y oki f i k r l a r n i n g fa o lla sh u v i u y o k i b u d a r a j a d a q i y i n c h i l i k l a r g a u c h r a s h i , h a t t o a m a l g a o s h m a y d i g a n voqclik k a aylanishi m u m k in . S haxsning fa o liy a tid a x o tira d a t o ‘p l a n g a n m a t e r ia ll a r ( t u r l i c h a b o 'l i s h i d a n q a t ’i n a z a r ) a m a li y o t d a k a m r o q q o 'l l a n il s a (fo ydalanilsa), o r t i q c h a y u k xususiyatini kasb etsa u n u t i s h t o b o r a c h u q u r l a s h i b b o ra d i. B u n in g n atijasida u n i n g faol h ay o tiy m a q s a d g a c ris h is h y o l i d a g i a h a m iy a ti pasayadi. A n i m o b i r o r - b i r m a t e r ia ln i eslash c h o g ‘ida q iy in c h ilik , s u n ’iy t o ‘siq y iiz a g a kelsa, uni m u t la q o y o 'q q a c h iq a r ish k erak em as , c h u n k i b u h o d is a u n i b a t a m o m shaxs x o tirasid an ch iq ib kctishini b ild ir m a y d i. O d a t d a m a te r ia lla r (o b y e k tla r, s u b y e k tla r) n in g a n i q , y a q - q o l , m a v j u d t o m o n l a r i n i n g s h a k li u n u t i l a d i , b u n d a n ta s h q a r i, u n i n g h u k m surishi, b a r q a r o r a h a m i y a t l i m a z - m u n i e s a u n g a o ‘x s h a sh ( m u t a n o s i b ) b i l i m l a r v a x u lq - a t v o r h a ra k a tla rin in g shakliy birliklari bilan q o lsh ilib ketadi. O q ib a t n atijad a x u l q - a t v o r n i n g m a z k u r s h a k l l a r i d a t a a s - s u ro tla r integral ( u m u m l a s h m a , yig‘iq) t a r z d a e s g a tu s h ish i m u m k i n . l.P .P a v l o v n i n g t a 'k i d l a s h i c h a , s o 'n i b b o r a y o tg a n reflekslar o ‘zlarini tiklashi u c h u n d astlabki p a y d o b o 'l i s h d avriga q a r a g a n d a ta k ro r la s h m iq d o rin i k a m r o q t a l a b e tadi. B u n d a n t a s h q a r i, s o ‘n ib b o r a y o tg a n re fle k s la r m u a y y a n sh a r o it yoki v aziyatga to r m o z l a n is h , t o ‘x ta lis h g a u c h r a s h i m u m k i n . Bu v o qelik a l la q a c h o n u n u t i lg a n , d e b t a s a w u r q ilin g a n ta a s s u r o tla rn in g fa v q u lo d d a a y r im o m i l l a r n i esga tu sh irish holati bilan izo h lan a d i. M asa la n , o g lir b e t o b b o ‘lib y o t g a n o d a m q a c h o n l a r d i r o ‘rg a n g a n s h e ’rini t a s o d if a n y o d d a n a y ta d i, v a h o l a n k i , u n d a n u z o q y i l l a r d a v o m i d a fo y d a la n m a g a n i u c h u n u u n i b a t a m o m u n u t g a n , d e b o ly- lashi m u m k in . X otira j a r a y o n i h iso b la n m is h u n u t i s h — b u o ‘ziga xos, ra n g -b a ra n g , i z o h ta l a b ru h iy k o g n itiv h o d i s a d i r . www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi S h a x s faoliyatiga singib k etg a n m a 'l u m o t l a r (obyektlar, s u b y e k t l a r ) u n in g u c h u n m u a y y a n a h a m iy a t kasb etganligi tufayli b u l a r m u t l a q o u n u t i b y u b o r i lm a y d i. Inson faoliyatiga s in g ib k e tg a n m a te r ia lla r u n in g ehtiyojlari bilan bevosita a l o q a g a kirishganligi sababli, u l a r u n u tish bilan ku ra sh ish j a r a y o n i n i n g is h onchli vositasi h isoblanadi. B uning y o rq in ifodasi, e s d a s a q la s h n in g m u h i m o m ili yoki usuli — bu t a k r o r l a s h aqliy harakatidir. S a lb iy in duksiya hodisasi h a ra k a ti bilan uy g ‘u n la s h u v b e q a r o r , sh u n in g d c k , m u v a q q a t (v a q tin c h a ) u n u tis h j a r a - y o n i n i keltirib c h iq arad i. O l i y t a 'l i m j a r a y o n i d a o 'z la s h tir i s h d a n o ta n is h , b e g o n a ( y o t ) q o ‘z g ‘a t u v c h i l a r y a n g i m u v a q q a t ( v a q t i n c h a ) bo g M an ish larn in g vujudga kelishiga t o ‘sqinlik qiladi, b u n in g o q i b a t i d a e sd a olib q o lish n in g sam aradorligi (m ahsuldorligi) p a s a y a d i . O l d i n g i ( o ‘t m i s h d a g i ) b a r q a r o r l a s h g a n b o g 'l a n i s h l a r (a lo q a la r)n in g izlarini y o 'q o tis h g a y o ‘n algan t o ‘s i q l a r s o ‘zsiz u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i n i k e ltirib c h i q a r a d i . M o d o m i k i , s h u n d a y e k a n , u n u t i s h n e rv f a o li y a t i n i n g p r o a k t i v v a r e tr o a k t iv t o r m o z l a n i s h i ( t o 'x t a l i s h i ) b i l a n a l o q a d a b o l i s h i g a s h u b h a y o ‘q. M a i u m o t l a r g a q a r a g a n d a , o ld in g i yoki keyingi faoliyat hozirgi faoliyatning m a z m u n i g a o ' x s h a s h y o k i u n d a n m u r a k k a b r o q b o ‘l s a , a l b a t t a t o r m o z l a n i s h (to 'x ta lis h ) h olati vujudga keladi. Y u q o r id a g i psixologik va fizilogtk om illarga a s o sla n g a n h o l d a s h u n d a y xulosaga kelish m u m k in : b irin c h id a n , bir m a v z u d a n b o s h q a b ir m avzuga o ‘tish c h o g l d a b iro z t o lxta- lish q i l i s h tu fa y li a s a b iy t a r a n g l a s h u v , j i d d i y l i k , a q liy z o ' r i q i s h k a m a y a d i; i k k i n c h i d a n , a u d i t o r i y a d a n ta sh q a r i m a s h g ‘u l o t la r d a m u staq il bilim o lish d a tu r d o s h , j i n s d o s h , o 'x s h a s h fa n la r y u z a s id a n e m a s , balki o ‘z a ro bir-b iri bilan kcskin tafovu tlan u v c h i sohalar b o ‘yicha tayyorgarlik ishlarini y o ‘Iga q o ‘yish d ark o r. M a M u m o tla rg a q a r a g a n d a , p ro a k tiv va retro ak tiv t o r m o z l a n i s h b i r fa o liy a t d o i r a s i d a , c h u n o n c h i , m u a y y a n o ‘q u v m a te r ia lin i o 'r g a n i s h (ta n is h is h ), texnik c h i z m a l a r u s t i d a is h la sh , lo y ih a la rn i tahlil qilish kabi j a r a y o n l a r d a 256 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi h a m y u z a g a k e lis h i m u m k i n . M a ’l u m k i , m a t e r i a l n i n g o krtasini e s d a o lib q olish u n in g b o s h i y o k i oxirin i o ‘z- l a s h t ir i s h d a n q i y i n r o q , m u r a k k a b r o q k e c h a d i . M a te r ia l h a jm in in g k o 'p lig i, kattaligi, s h u n i n g d e k , u n i n g o ‘rtasini e sda olib q o lish g a pro a k tiv va retro ak tiv t o r m o z l a n i s h salbiy t a ’sir k o ‘rsatadi. X u d d i s h u bois, m a t e r ia l o ‘rtasini esda olib qolish u c h u n u n i bir n e c h a m a r t a t a k r o r la s h g a t o ‘g “ri keladi. S h u n i n g u c h u n bir tekis, a s t a - s e k i n s u r ’atg a am al yoki rioya qilish y u q o ri s a m a r a b e ra d i; d i q q a t n i m avzuga yoki faoliyat o b y e k tig a p u x ta t o ‘p la sh ( m a r k a z la s h tiris h , k o n se n tra tsiy a ), irodaviy aktn i u n g a y o ‘n a !tirish natijasida q o ‘zg 'o v c h ila r, t u r t k i la r m iy a d a m u s t a h k a m l a n a d i . M u v a q q a t , v a q t i n c h a u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i m i y a p o ‘sti hu jay ra larin in g z o ‘riqishi, ta ra n g la s h u v i o q i b a t i d a h a m d a t a s h q i , i k k i n c h i d a r a ja li t o r m o z l a n i s h t a ’s i r i d a v u ju d g a kelishi kuzatiladi. Bu voqelik t a n a a ’z o la r i , asab faoliyati tizimi to liq q a n h o la tid a esda olib q o lis h n in g keskin pasayishi b ila n i z o h l a n a d i. A s a b tizim i, h u j a y r a l a r n i n g m e 'y o r id a ishlashining tik la n ish i orqali u n u tilg a n n a r s a l a r , su b y ek tlar t o ‘g krisidagi m a ’lu m o tl a r a sta - se k in e s g a t u s h a boshlaydi. Salbiy in d u k s iy a va tashqi t o r m o z l a n i s h orq a li kelib c h iq a d ig a n v aq t o ‘tishi h a m d a u n u t i s h j a r a y o n i re m in is- sensiya h odisasi b ila n aloqaga ega. E s d a o lib q o lish n in g dastlabki d a q iq a la rig a q a ra g a n d a , m u a y y a n v a q t o ‘t g a n d a n keyin esga tu sh irish t o ‘iaroq aks e t a r e k a n . K a tt a hajm dagi m ateria lla rn i e s d a olib qolish p a y tid a h a m s h u n g a o ‘xshash ru h iy ho d isa v u ju d g a keladi. T a j r i b a la r n i n g k o ‘rsatishicha, r e m i n i s s e n s i y a h o d i s a s i v o y a g a y e t g a n l a r g a q a r a g a n d a , b o la la rd a k o ‘p ro q u ch ray d i. K is h in in g k eksa yishi davrida sal-pal eslash, esga tushirish y a n a d a k u c h a y a d i . In s o n n in g b a r c h a faoliyati t u rla rid a ( t a ’lim , m e h n a t ) , m u o m a l a s id a , x u lq -a tv o rin i h a m hisobga olish jo iz. M a ’l u m o t l a r (m a te ria lla r)n i esga t u s h i r i s h d a g i qiyin- ch ilik la r u la rn i eslash u c h u n o ‘ta k u c h li x o h i s h n i n g yuzaga k e l i s h i t u f a y l i n a m o y o n b o ‘l a d i h a m d a f a v q u l o d d a t o rm o z la n ish n i c h a q ira d i. V aqt o ‘tishi b i l a n in so n n ig bosh q a n ars alar ( o b y e k tla r, su byektlar) b il a n c h a l g ‘ishi t o r m o z - 17 Psixologiya 257 www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi lan ish n i p a s a y ti r a d i, n atijada n i m a n i eslash z a ru r b o l s a , u d a r ro v e s g a tu sh ad i. S h u b o i s , esga tushirish i m k o n iy a tin i n g y o ‘qligi, h a t t o bu b o r a d a t a n i s h ja ra y o n i h a m o ‘z xususiyatlari bilan t o ‘la u n u t i s h n i n g k o krsatkichi b o ‘lib h iso b lan m ay d i. Eng asosiysi, oliy t a ’lim t i z i m i d a m u v a q q a t ( v a q ti n c h a ) u n u tish bilan s a l-p a l h a m d a u z o q m u d d a tli u n u t i s h tu rlarin i farqlash jo iz , c h u n k i , u n i n g oxirgisi t a k ro r la s h y o r d a m i bilan b a r - t a r a f q i l i n i s h i m u m k i n . B a ’zi h o l l a r d a t a l a b a b i l im i n i b a h o l a s h k e z id a g i a n g la sh ilm o v c h ilik n in g vujudga kelishi m u v a q q a t ( v a q t i n c h a ) u n u t i s h s h a r o i t i va x u s u s iy a tin i hisobga o l m a y , u z o q m u d d atli u n u t i s h sifatida q a r o r q abul q ilis h n in g o q i b a tid ir . M u v a q q a t a s a b t i z i m i a l o q a l a r i n i n g u z o q m u d d a t s a q l a n i s h i u l a r n i n g m u s t a h k a m l i k , b a r q a r o r l i k d a r a ja s i u c h u n m u h i m a h a m i y a t kasb e ta d i. M u v a q q a t a lo q a la r k a m r o q m u s t a h k a m l a n g a n bo'lsa, pu x talik y etishm asa, u lar te z d a s o kn a d i v a a k sin ch a . S h u n in g u c h u n , h a r q a n d a y m aterialni a w a l b o s h d a n puxta o kzgartirib olish lozim. Agarda m a te r ia l p u x t a m u s ta h k a m l a n s a , s h u n c h a u z o q r o q esda s a q l a n a d i v a k a m r o q u n u tila d i. S h u n i t a ’kidlash jo iz k i, e g a l l a n a y o t g a n m a t e r i a l g a n i s b a t a n s h a x s d a m o y i ll i k , q i z iq i s h , m o t i v a t s i y a m av ju d b o ‘lsa, u n i u z o q r o q e s d a sa q lash g a z a m i n hozirlanadi. U n u t i s h j a r a y o n i vaqt bilan o ‘lc h a n a d i va m u a y y a n s u r ’a t t a q o z o s i b i l a n r o ky o b g a c h i q a d i . E b b i n g a u z n i n g k o kr s a ti s h i c h a , m a te r ia ln i o 'z la s h ti r i s h n i n g dastlabki d a - q iq a l a r id a u n u t i s h ja d a l kechadi, m u a y y a n vaqt o kt g a n d a n keyin e sa u n i n g s u r 'a t i pasayadi. U n u t i s h m a t e r i a l n i n g m a z m u n i g a , y a n g ilig ig a , t u - s h u n i s h n i n g o g ki r y oki y en g illig ig a , kasb iy va i jtim o iy a h a m i y a t k a s b etish ig a b o g ‘liq. S h u s a b a b d a n , shaxs t o m o - n id a n a n g l a n i l g a n m aterial a s ta - s e k in , past s u r 'a t d a u n u tiladi. S h u n g a q a r a m a s d a n , n i s b a t a n i n s o n t o m o n i d a n a n g l a n i l g a n m a t e r i a l d astlab t e z s u r ’a t l a r bilan u n u t i l a b o s h la y d i, k e y i n c h a lik esa u n in g k ec h ish i b iro z pasayadi. www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi M a s h q q i l i s h , t a k r o r la s h , t u r g ‘u n , b a r q a r o r q i z iq i s h n i s h a k l l a n t i r i s h m u m k i n q a d a r u n u t i s h s u r 'a t i n i p a s a y ti - radi. E s d a s a q l a s h n i n g s h a r t - s h a r o i t l a r i x o t i r a o 't k i r l i g i , m ahsuldorligi, sam aradorligi u c h u n m u h i m a h a m iy a tg a ega. U n u ti s h v a q t ( z a m o n ) fu n k siy a sig in a b o ‘lib q o l m a s d a n , balki u n d a e s d a olib qolish, esga tu s h ir i s h singari t a n la s h (saralash) xususiyati mavjud. 0 ‘z m o h i y a t i bilan sh a x sn in g e h tiy o jla rig a , q iziq is h la rig a , fa o liy a t m a q s a d i g a b o g ‘liq, m u t a n o s i b , m u h i m a h a m iy a tl i m a t e r i a l s e k in s u r ’a t d a u n u tila d i. I n s o n u c h u n hayotiy, ijtim o iy , kasbiy a h a m iy a tli b ir q a t o r v o q elik lar, m ateria lla r, m a ’l u m o t l a r aslo u n u t i l - maydi. O d a td a shaxsning faoliyatda ishtirok etish darajasiga q arab m a te r ia ln in g e s d a saqlanishi a n iq l a n a d i. Ilm iy ta d q iq o tla rd a u n u tish 0 ‘z la shtirilgan m a te r ia ln in g h a j m i g a b o g l i q e k a n - ligi t a 'k i d l a n a d i. M u ay y a n v aq t o ' t g a n d a n keyin 0 ‘zla sh ti- rilgan, o ‘r g a n il g a n m a t e r ia ln i e s d a s a q l a s h foizi u n i n g h a jm ig a t e s k a r i p r o p o r sio n a l m u n o s a b a t d a b o ‘lishi t a s - diqlangan. A g a rd a b i r xil sh aroitda ( v a z iy a td a ) berilg a n m a te r ia lla r h a m sifat, h a m m i q d o r ji h a td a n o ‘x s h a s h b o ‘lsa, u h o l d a esda olib q o lish ja ra y o n id a u la r n i h is o b g a olish o 'z l a s h t i - rish s a m a r a d o rlig in i oshiradi. M a s a l a n , s u h a n d o n (d ik to r) b i r bet s t a n d a r t m a t n n i o ‘q ish u c h u n ikki d a q i q a v a q t sarflasa, x u d d i s h u h a jm d a g i m a t e r i a l n i o ‘q is h , u q i s h , tu s h u n i s h , a n g l a b yetisli u c h u n t a l a b a u c h - t o ‘rt b a r a v a r vaqt ajratadi. B u n d a shaxsning individual xususiyatlari, xotira t i p l a r i , u q u v c h a n l i k qobiliy a ti, n o y o b xislatini h i so b g a olish joiz. Esda saq lash ja ra y o n id a m a t e r i a l n i n g hajm i b irla m c h i em a s , balki lin in g sifati u stu v o r a h a m i y a t kasb etadi. E s d a s a q l a s h d a y a x litlik , a l o h i d a l i k m u h i m o ‘ri n eg a lla y d i, c h u n k i m a z k u r j a r a y o n d a m a t n ( m a v z u ) d a g i asosiy h o la tla r , q o n u n iy a tla r, n a z a r i y a l a r , qiyosiy tah lilla r, y o rq in ifo d ala r, jo n li nutq m a h s u l l a r i o ‘z izini q o ld ira d i. Esda s a q l a s h d a keyingi o ‘rin b a ’zi b i r fikriy birliklarga, www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi h a tt o m a t n m a z m u n i g a u n d a n h a m k u ch li e ' t i b o r beriladi. E sd a s a q l a s h n i n g m u h i m x u s u s i y a t l a r i d a n biri — bu m ateria ln i u m u m l a s h g a n darajasi b ila n b e v o sita b o g 'liq - ligidir. J a m i u m u m i y l i k d a n m a z m u n i y - n a z a r i y y o 'n a lis h g a va u n d a n y a k k a a lo h id a lik k a fikran o ‘tish e s d a saqlashning o q ilo n a aqliy v o sitas i b o ‘lib hisoblanadi. U m u m l a s h m a l a r n i u m u m la s h tiris h , m a v h u m h o la t- larni m a v h u m l a s h t i r i s h n i n g fikriy h a ra k a tla rig a asoslangan m a t e r ia ll a r e s d a s a q l a s h n i n g e n g q u l a y s h a r t- s h a r o it l a r i boMib h i s o b l a n a d i . E s d a s a q l a s h n i n g s h a r o i t l a r i g a : a) m a 'l u m o t la r n i n g a m a liy o tg a tatbiq etiluvchanligi; b) oqilona a q l i y u s u l l a r y o r d a m i b ila n o l d i n g i b i l i m l a r n i n g o ‘z - lashtirilganligi; d ) u l a r n i n g vaqti-v a q ti b ila n c h u q u r la s h - tirib borilishi; e ) m ateria lla rn i ey d e tik o b ra z la r, t a s a w u r l a r bilan b o y itish k a b i l a r kiradi. Tekshirish uchun savolfar 1. Xotiraga ta ’rif bera olasizmi? 2. Borliqni bilishda xotiraning o ‘mi qanday ekan? 3. Xotira qanday jarayonlardan tuzilgan? 4. Xotiraning turlari yuzasidan nimalar deya olasiz? 5. Xotiraning individual farqlarini aytib bering. 6. Inson xotirasini o'rganish mum kinmi? www.ziyouz.com kutubxonasi Download Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
|