Of the republic of uzbekistan tashkent state pedagogical university namedafter nizami

Conclusion for chapter II
On the basis of an integrated approach to the analysis of the features of the expression plan and the content plan, the paper presents a classification of homonymous units that fully reflects the nature of the formal semantic relations between homonyms. With a consistent comparison of the features of both plans, 9 formal-meaningful classes of homonyms are established. All these classes are represented in the vocabulary of the English language, but not in the same proportion.
The study of the structural features of homonymous groups shows that in the composition of homogroups there are structural units more voluminous than a word: homosegments, combining words of the same part of speech, different in lexical meanings, and hyperlexemes, including words of different parts of speech, having a common component in lexical meanings.
Each homogroup is characterized by a certain structural type, reflecting the lexical and grammatical structure of the homogroup. The nature of homonymous relations between members of a homogroup is revealed primarily by pairwise comparison of the units under study. Relationships between members of homonymous pairs are based on the opposition of features of the expression plane and the content plane. Comparison of homonymous units in pairs allows not only to establish the nature of the formal semantic relations between them, but also to determine the degree of interaction between members of homonymous pairs, depending on the completeness of the coincidence of their forms.
In the system of English homonymy, the dominant position is occupied by the class of phonetic-graphic lexical-grammatical homonyms (27%), which indicates the widespread combination of lexical and grammatical homonymy, as well as the presence in the English language of a large number of homonyms that are not differentiated either in spelling or in sound. The sound version of the language, in which there are only homonyms that coincide in sound, is characterized by the presence of a larger number of homonyms of all three content subtypes compared to the written version, in which only homonyms are found that are identical in spelling.
Homonymous units in English are characterized by a low degree of interaction, since the number of pairs of partial homonyms is 3.5 times higher than the number of pairs of full homonyms.
Along with the structural characteristics of English homonyms, the quantitative characteristics of homonymous units were studied, data were obtained on the volume of homogroups, the diversity of their structural types; the relationship between homonymy and length: words, homonymic saturation of the English language, etc., which are of interest both in the fundamental and applied aspects.
English homonymy is characterized by the presence of homogroups of various sizes, among which homogroups predominate; consisting of; two: hyperlexemes, two homosegments and; two or three homonyms. Analysis of distribution, hyperlexemes and homosegments, depending on the number of homonyms included in their composition, allows us to conclude about the degree of development of grammatical and lexical homonymy in the English language. A large number of hyperlexemes (36%); consisting of two or more homonyms, indicates a high degree of prevalence of grammatical homonymy in modern English; the predominance of homosegments, represented by two; and more homonyms (52%), indicates a significant degree of prevalence of lexical homonymy.
Homonymous groups and pairs of the English language are distinguished by a variety of structural types (300 and 63; respectively), most of which demonstrate a low degree of frequency, or even seem to be unique. High . recurrence characterizes the substantive-verbal structural types of homogroups and homoparas, which is explained by the predominance of homonyms-nouns (59%) and homonyms-verbs (31%) in the English language.
The number of homonyms in English directly depends on the length of the word, since a significant part of homonymous words are lexical units consisting of one syllable (74%) and four to five graphemes (60%). The result obtained indicates that a high probability of coincidence in sound is observed among short words.
The proportion of homonyms in relation to the total volume of vocabulary material is 6%, which may indicate both a strong and a weak degree of saturation of the English language with homonyms, which is currently not possible to accurately determine, since similar data for other languages ​​that could be used as material for a comparative study of homonymy on the material of different languages, are absent¹³.
Modern English is characterized by highly developed homonymy, the existence of which is recorded in all periods of the historical development of the English vocabulary. As the study shows, over time, the number of homonyms in the language does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. Their appearance in the English vocabulary is associated with changes in the phonetic and graphic systems of the language, in its grammatical structure and vocabulary, which indicates the interconnection and interdependence of all aspects of the language. In the course of the historical and etymological analysis, it was found that the increase in the number of homonyms in the English language is significantly influenced by borrowings from different languages ​​(31%). Due to the coincidence of the forms of the name and the verb and by conversion, 29% of homonyms appeared in the English language. phonetic processes, fixed in different periods of the history of the English language, caused the formation of 20% of homonyms. Word-formation processes (affixation, compounding, contraction) led to the appearance of 11% of homonyms. A small number of homonyms appeared as a result of the collapse of polysemy (2.8%).
The revealed structural and quantitative characteristics of homonymous units of the English language seem to be significant for further study of homonymy. The prospects of the performed research are seen in conducting a comparative study in the field of homonymy of different languages, which would allow to determine the structural features of homonymous units in the compared languages, the nature of the formal semantic relations between homonyms, to identify ways and means of replenishing the composition of homonymy, to compare the quantitative characteristics of homonyms, to establish the degree of homonymic saturation in the studied languages.
The question of the emergence of homonymy as a result of the collapse of polysemy deserves special attention. The number of homonyms that arose in this way is small and, according to the results of this study, is 2.8% of the total number of homonyms that were the object of analysis. Despite this circumstance, it seems appropriate to identify the causes that initiate the process of disintegration of the meanings of a polysemantic word, to establish the chronological parameters of this phenomenon in the language under study. The solution of these problems will make it possible to clarify the status of homonymous units in the language, to develop criteria for a clear distinction between homonyms and the meanings of a polysemantic word.
The diachronic study of homonyms, both genetically heterogeneous and genetically related, also seems promising. In the course of such a study, the homonymous saturation of the English language in various historical periods can be determined, and the data obtained1 are compared with the results of this study. Comparative analysis data will reveal the degree of productivity of a particular source of homonymy at different stages of language development.