O`ktamova Marjonaning “Etymological doublets” Mavzusidagi kurs ishi

Conclusion
It is interesting to observe the evolution of meaning of certain words, especially those sharing the same etymology. Backtracking the semantics of a word and comparing it with its etymological ‘siblings’ and ancestors gives an insight into the evolution of language in general and helps us to understand the processes which have caused language users to make words represent senses different from the original sense. It is only too natural that doublet participants underwent semantic change, be it a slight change, as in the case of frail (usually describing people) and fragile (usually describing objects), or a considerable change, as in the case of clock (in Medieval Latin clocca literally meant ‘bell’) and cloak ‘a garment in the shape of a bell’. The fascinating examples provided above are only the tip of the iceberg in the task of describing semantic change in words of common etymology.
There are 4 groups of etymological doublets in English:
1) one word is native, the other is borrowed: share-scar, shirt-skirt (N+Sc);
2) both words are borrowed from different languages: canal (Lat)-channel (Fr); senior (Lat)-sir (Fr);
3) both words are borrowed from the variants of one language or are borrowed from one language twice, at different periods of the development of the English language: gaol (prison [dzeil]) (Norman French) – jail(Parisian French), catch (N. Fr)-chase (Par. Fr);
4) the words develop from one native (Old English) word: shade (тень, полумрак)-shadow(тень предмета). They go back to the OE sceadu which had both meanings. Shade developed from the Nominative case of this word, shadow – from the Dative case (OE sceadwe).
In a group of two words one word may be a shortened form of the other: history-story, fanatic-fan, fantasy-fancy, acute-cute.
Groups of three words of common origin are called etymological triplets: hospital (Lat)-hostel (Norman French)-hotel (Parisian French).
Some words are borrowed from one language into several other languages and become international: second, minute, professor, opera, jazz, sport – and some comparatively new words – laptop, DVD disc, genetic code, bionics. Most international words were either borrowed fron Latin and Greek (text, atom, symbol, logic, museum, zone (Gr)) or made from Latin and Greek elements in some language (or languages) and then borrowed by other languages (cf.: democratic (Fr), civilization (Fr), determinism (Germ), teology (Germ), etc.).
International words are especially important in terminology of politics, art, industry, science. A great number of international words are also among the names of sports (football, volleyball, hockey), clothes or cloths (pullover, sweater, leggins, jersey, silk, etc.), food and drinks (pizza, spagetti, vodka, martini, etc.), names of exotic fruits, animals and other objects (avocado, grapefruit, mango, anaconda, orang-outang, etc.).