Germanic languages - Dutch and Frisian Netherlands and Denmark
- Norwegian Norway
- Swedish Sweden
- Icelandic Iceland
- Yiddish Israel
- English UK, Canada, the USA, Australia, New Zeeland, South Africa, India, etc
Dialectal differences of the Old Germanic languages - North (Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese)
- -West (High/Low German, Dutch, Frisian, English, Yiddish, Afrikaans)
- -East (Gothic, Burgundian, Vangalic)
According to the Plyny Germanic tribes in the 1 century AD consisted of 5 groups - -the Vindili (the Goths, the Burgundians, spoke East G.L.)
- -the Ingevones (North-western Germ. territ., North Sea)
- -the Istveons (the western part, the shores of Rhein)
- -the Hermones (the southern part)
- -the Hillavions (inhabited Scandinavia, spoke northern G. L.)
The origin of the English language Germanic tribes like Angles, Saxons and Jutes(they conquered Britain in the 3 century). West Germanic Group Celtic tribes (Britons and Gaels), who spoke Celtic languages split into 2 groups: Celtic tribes (Britons and Gaels), who spoke Celtic languages split into 2 groups: - -Gallo- Briton included Gaelic( is spoken in Gaul), British( was represented by Welsh=Cymry, Cornish existed till 18 century, Breton in Brittany in France)
- -Gaelic included Irish (Ireland), Scots (Scotland), Manx (isle of Man)
Roman invasions - In 55 BC Roman invasions under Julius Caesar.
2.But permanent conquest of Britain began in 43 AD under Emperor Claudius. 3. In the mid 5 century AD the Anglo-Saxon contest started Ocupations - The Angles occupied the north of the Thames
the Saxons - south of the Themes the Jutes - Kent. - The Germanic settlements comprised 7 kingdoms: Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Northumbria, Mersia, Kent, and East Anglia.
- In 597 AD Christianity was brought. It was a gradual and peaceful process. The Cultural Revolution brought its huge Latin vocabulary and gave English the capacity to express abstract thoughts. Church words were brought from Greek, Latin (priest, bishop, none), Hebrew (pope, Psalter, Sabbath).
Norman invasion Vic means bay, or from OE – a camp. Saxon place names have endings -ham, -ing, -stoure, -sted, -ton. The Danish origin words are –by, -wick, -throe, -toft, -thwait. About 9000 words used in Modern English came from Scandinavian: get, man, mother. - Saxon place names have endings -ham, -ing, -stoure, -sted, -ton. The Danish origin words are –by, -wick, -throe, -toft, -thwait. About 9000 words used in Modern English came from Scandinavian: get, man, mother.
Dialects in Anglo-Saxon England - There were 4 principal dialects, spoken in A-S England:
- -Kentish- the speech of the Sutes
- -West Saxon- in the south of the Thames, the most widely spoken
- -Mercian- excluding Wales
- -Northumbrian – North of Umbria.
- Differences of dialects were not great; all English forms are usually from West Saxon.
CHRONOLOGICAL DIVISION OF THE HISTORY OF ENGLSIH (H.SWEET) - 1.OE. The period of full endings, any vowel could be found in an unstressed ending: sinзan, sunu. The OE begins in the 5 century, embracing the years 500 to1100, the time when A-S invaded Britain, where Celts lived. The earliest writings belong to the year 700 AD. The end of the period is closed to the Norman Conquest (1066).
- 2.Middle English. The period of leveled endings. Vowels of unstressed endings have been leveled under the neutral vowel [ә] (шва), which is represented by [e]: singen, sune. ME dates to 1100-1500 (the introduction of printing, the end of the war of roses, the dec[k]ay of feudalism.
- 3.Modern English – the period of lost endings: sing, son.
- -Early ME (1500- until the age of Shakespeare)
- -Late ME.
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EAST GERMANIC
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NORTH GERMANIC
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WEST GERMANIC
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Old Germanic languages
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Gothic (4 c)
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Old Norse or old Scandinavian (2-3c.)
Old Icelandic(12c)
Old Norwegian(13c)
Old Danish (13c)
Old Swedish (13c)
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Anglian, Frisian, Jutish, Saxon, Franconian, High German, Old ENGLISH (7), old Saxon (9), old High German (8), old Dutch 9012
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Modern Germanic languages
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No living languages
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Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish
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English, German, Netherlandish, Africaans, Yiddish, Frisian
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