Oliy ta’lim va inovatsialar ta’lim vazirligi

Gradual decrease[edit]
See also: Six-hour day

Weekly working hours in US manufacturing (blue)
Most countries in the developed world have seen average hours worked decrease significantly.^[15][16] For example, in the U.S in the late 19th century it was estimated that the average work week was over 60 hours per week.^[17] Today the average hours worked in the U.S. is around 33,^[18] with the average man employed full-time for 8.4 hours per work day, and the average woman employed full-time for 7.9 hours per work day.^[19] The front runners for lowest average weekly work hours are the Netherlands with 27 hours,^[20] and France with 30 hours.^[21] In a 2011 report of 26 OECD countries, Germany had the lowest average working hours per week at 25.6 hours.^[22]
The New Economics Foundation has recommended moving to a 21-hour standard work week to address problems with unemployment, high carbon emissions, low well-being, entrenched inequalities, overworking, family care, and the general lack of free time.^[23][24][25] Actual work week lengths have been falling in the developed world.^[26]
Factors that have contributed to lowering average work hours and increasing standard of living have been:

• 
  Technological advances in efficiency such as mechanization, robotics and information technology.
  
• 
  The increase of women equally participating in making income as opposed to previously being commonly bound to homemaking and childrearing exclusively.
  
• 
  Dropping fertility rates leading to fewer hours needed to be worked to support children.
  

Recent articles^[27][28] supporting a four-day week have argued that reduced work hours would increase consumption and invigorate the economy. However, other articles state that consumption would decrease, which could reduce the environmental impact.^[29][30][31] Other arguments for the four-day week include improvements to workers' level of education (due to having extra time to take classes and courses) and improvements to workers' health (less work-related stress and extra time for exercise). Reduced hours also save money on day care costs and transportation, which in turn helps the environment with less carbon-related emissions. These benefits increase workforce productivity on a per-hour basis.
Workweek structure[edit]
"9-5" redirects here. For the song, see 9 to 5 (Dolly Parton song). For the car, see Saab 9-5. For other uses, see 9 to 5 (disambiguation) and Day job.
Main article: Workweek and weekend
The structure of the work week varies considerably for different professions and cultures. Among salaried workers in the western world, the work week often consists of Monday to Friday or Saturday with the weekend set aside as a time of personal work and leisure. Sunday is set aside in the western world because it is the Christian sabbath.
The traditional American business hours are 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., Monday to Friday, representing a workweek of five eight-hour days comprising 40 hours in total. These are the origin of the phrase 9-to-5, used to describe a conventional and possibly tedious job.^[32] Negatively used, it connotes a tedious or unremarkable occupation. The phrase also indicates that a person is an employee, usually in a large company, rather than an entrepreneur or self-employed. More neutrally, it connotes a job with stable hours and low career risk, but still a position of subordinate employment. The actual time at work often varies between 35 and 48 hours in practice due to the inclusion, or lack of inclusion, of breaks. In many traditional white collar positions, employees were required to be in the office during these hours to take orders from the bosses, hence the relationship between this phrase and subordination. Workplace hours have become more flexible, but the phrase is still commonly used even in situations where the term does not apply literally.^{[citation needed]}