Olmos Rahmonov 1
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Singular and Plural by Olmos Rahmonov
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Olmos Rahmonov
2 Muallif: Ushbu ma’lumotlarni boshqa kanallarga tarqatmasligingizni va mening nomimni olib tashlab, o’zingizning o’qib o’rganishdan boshqa maqsadlaringiz uchun foydalanmasligingizni iltimos qilaman. Bu mening intellektual mulkimdir! Birovning mulkiga ko’z olaytirish esa muqaddas dinimizda va davlatimiz qonunlarida ham qoralangan. Olmos Rahmonov
3 Singular and Plural. (Birlik va ko’plik) Ingliz tilida sanaladigan otlarni ko’plikka o’tkazish uchun aksariyat hollarda -s yoki -es qo’shimchalaridan foydalaniladi. Biroq ba’zi hollarda otlarning maxsus ko’plik shakllari ham bor. Otlarni ko’plikka o’tkazish tartibini quyida o’rganib chiqamiz:
o’zgartiriladi va -es qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi. Natijada ko’plikdagi otning oxiri
baby – bola, chaqaloq lady – xonim ferry – parom party – bazm, ziyofat
babies
ladies ferries parties
Biroq, agar birlikdagi ot “unli+y” bilan tugaydigan bo’lsa, faqat -s qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi xolos. Boshqa o’zgarish bo’lmaydi. Singular day – kun key – kalit boy – bola Plural days
keys boys
Note – eslatma. Agar, atoqli ot “undosh+y” bilan tugasa, ko’plikka o’tkazish uchun faqat -s qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi, y harfi o’zgarishsiz qoldiriladi.
Kennedy
February Plural the Kennedys Februarys
Do you know the Kennedys? Kennedilar oilasini bilasizmi?
I hate Februarys. Men fevral oylarini yoqtirmayman.
Olmos Rahmonov
4 2. Agar birlikdagi ot -sh , -ch, -s, -x, -z harflari bilan tugasa ko’plikda -es qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi. Singular … ch/sh/s/x/z Church – cherkov crash – to’qnashuv bus – avtobus box – qutti buzz – ming’ir-ming’ir Plural … ches/shes/ses/xes/zes Churches crashes buses
boxes buzzes
Note – eslatma. Agar ot bitta “z” harfi bilan tugagan bo’lsa, -es qo’shimchasi qo’shilganda “z” harfi ikkilanadi.
quiz – savol fez – qalpoq (turkcha)
quizzes
fezzes
qo’shimchasini qo’shib oladi.
echo – exo hero – qahramon negro – negr potato – kartoshka tomato – pomidor Plural echoes
heroes negroes
potatoes tomatoes
Biroq, quyidagi otlar yuqoridagi qoidadan mustasno (exception) bo’lib, ko’plikka o’tganda faqat -s qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi. Singular radio – radio zoo – hayvonot bog’i video – video kangaroo – kenguru hippo – begemot rhino – karkidon
radios
zoos videos
kangaroos hippos
rhinos Olmos Rahmonov
5 piano – pianino photo – fotosurat commando – hujumchi guruh concerto – konsert Eskimo – Eskimos (qabila) kilo – kilo logo – marka, emblem solo – solo (musiqa) soprano – soprano tattoo – tatuirovka pianos photos
commandos concertos Eskimos kilos
logos solos
sopranos tattoos
Quyidagi otlar ko’plikka o’tganda -s yoki -es qo’shimchalaridan birini farqsiz ravishda qo’shib oladilar.
buffalo – yovvoyi ho’kiz mosquito – pashsha tornado – tornado, quyun volcano – vulqon
buffalo(e) s mosquito(e)s tornado(e)s volcano(e)s
o’zgaradi va -es qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi.
calf – buzoq elf – elf half – yarim leaf – barg loaf – non Plural calves
elves halves
leaves loaves
Shuningdek, -fe bilan tugaydigan otlarda ham f harfi v harfiga o’zgaradi va - s qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi. Singular knife – pichoq wife – rafiqa
knives
wives
Olmos Rahmonov
6 Biroq, quyidagi otlarda –f harfi o’zgarmaydi, ya’ni bu otlar yuqoridagi qoidadan mustasnodir.
roof – tom chief – rahbar handkerchief – dastro’mol
roofs
chiefs handkerchiefs
cliff – qoya cliffs Note – eslatma. Quyidagi otlar 2 xil uslubda ko’plikka o’tadi.
dwarf – gnom, mitti odam hoof – tuyoq scarf – sharf wharf – bandargoh
dwarfs/dwarves hoofs/hooves scarfs/scarves wharfs/wharves
o’zgarishi bir xil qonuniyatga bo’ysunmaydi. Singular child – bola foot – oyoq goose – g’oz louse – bit man – erkak woman – ayol tooth – tish ox – ho’kiz mouse – sichqon penny – penni (pul chaqasi) person – kishi Plural children feet geese
lice men
women teeth
oxen mice
pence people
Note – eslatma. Rasmiy hollarda person otining ko’pligi sifatida persons oti qo’llanilishi mumkin. Shuningdek, people oti birlik bo’la olishi mumkin. Bu holda uning ma’nosi “millat” deb hisoblanadi va ko’pligi peoples bo’ladi: Olmos Rahmonov
7 People
6. Quyidagi -s bilan tugaydigan otlarning birlik shakli ham ko’plik shakli ham bir xil ko’rinishga ega.
barracks – barak, kazarma series – serial, ko’p qismli dastur crossroads – chorraha species – tur, nav, xil headquarters – boshqarma works – zavod means – usul, metod, vosita Swiss – Shvetsariyalik
barracks series crossroads species headquarters works means
Swiss
Yuqoridagi otlarning birlik yoki ko’plikda ekanligini oddiy so’z holatida bilishning iloji yo’q. demak buni bilish uchun ularni gapda boshqa so’zlar bilan birga qo’llanilishiga e’tibor berish kerak.
Kapalakning bu turi kamyobdir.
Bu holda “species” oti birlikda, chunki unga nisbatan birlikdagi ko’rsatkich, “this” va birlikdagi fe’l “is” qo’llanilgan.
There are thousands of species Minglab turlar bor.
Bu gapda “species” oti ko’plikda. Chunki unga nisbatan “are” fe’li qo’llanilgan. Qolaversa, “thousands of”, “hundreds of” kabi birikmalardan keyin ko’plikdagi ot ishlatiladi. Biroq, ba’zi otlar -s harfi bilan tugasa ham faqat birlikda bo’ladi. Ularning ko’plik shakllari yo’q deb qaraladi. Ular masalan quyidagilar:
Olmos Rahmonov
8 news – yangilik(lar) billiards – billiard draughts – shashka chess – shaxmat dominoes – domino darts – dart athletics – atletika gymnastics – gimnastika measles – qizamiq mumps – tepki
Shuningdek, bunga fan nomlarini, soha nomlarini kiritish mumkin. mathematics – matematika physics – fizika linguistics – lingvistika politics – siyosat
statistics – statistika phonetics – fonetika economics – iqtisodiyot acoustics – akustika
Too much mathematics is usually taught in schools. Maktablarda odatda o’ta ko’p matematika o’qitiladi. Politics is a complicated business. Siyosat chigal biznesdir. Statistics is careful in language testing. Tilni test qilishda statistika foydalidir. Statistics is a branch of economics. Statistika iqtisodiyotning bir bo’limidir.
Biroq, statistika to’g’risida umumiylik bo’lmasa, ya’ni aniqlashgan, maxsus statistika to’g’risida gap ketsa ko’plik fe’llarini qo’llash mumkin.
The unemployment statistics are disturbing. Ishsizlik statistikasi xavotirli darajada. Your statistics are unreliable. Sening statistikang ishonchsiz.
Quyidagi otlar transport turini va millatni ifodalaydi hamda birlik va ko’plik shakllari bir xil ko’rinishga ega. Singular aircraft – samolyot hovercraft – vertolyot spacecraft – kosmik kema Plural aircraft hovercraft spacecraft Olmos Rahmonov
9 Chinese – xitoyliklar Japanese – yaponlar sheep – qo’y deer – bug’u fish – baliq Chinese
Japanese sheep
deer fish
Note – eslatma. fish – baliq oti agar baliq turini ifodalab kelsa, ko’plik qo’shimchasi -es bilan ko’plikka o’tadi.
There are many kinds of fishes. Baliqlarning ko’pgina turlari bor.
otlari of predlogi bilan kelmagan holda ko’plik qo’shimchasini olmaydi.
five hundred pounds – besh yuz funt several thousand times – bir necha ming marta a few million years – bir necha million yil
Biroq, of predlogi bilan kelganda ko’plikda bo’ladi hundreds of pounds – yuzlab funt millions of years – millionlab yillar thousands of people – minglab odamlar
Demak, “yuzlab”, “minglab”, “millionlab” kabi “-lab” qo’shimchasi bilan tarjima qilish uchun ingliz tilida ko’plik qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi.
zamonaviy ingliz tilida dice birlikda ham ko’plikda ham bir xil ishlatilmoqda.
datum otining ko’plik shaklidir. Biroq hozirgi ingliz tilida data birlikda ham, ko’plikda ham qo’llanilmoqda.
This data is … These data are … Olmos Rahmonov
10 Media – ommaviy axborot vositalari. Ushbu ot aslida medium otining ko’plik shakli. Biroq, hozirgi ingliz tilida medium oti sanalmaydigan ot sifatida qo’llanilmoqda.
birlik va ko’plik shakllari o’sha tillarning o’zlaridagi holatlar bo’yicha saqlanib qolgan. Masalan:
analysis – analiz, tahlil appendix – ilova, qo’shimcha bacterium – bakteriya basis – baza, asos cactus – kaktus corpus – to’plam crisis – inqiroz, krizis criterion – kriteriy, mezon diagnosis – diagnoz, tashxis formula – formula fungus – suv o’ti hypothesis – gipoteza kibbutz – kibbutz nucleus – yadro oasis – voha, oazis phenomenon – ko’rinish radius – radius stimulus – stimul, turtki vertebra – oshiq (umurtqa suyagi)
analyses (Latin) appendices/appendixes (Latin) bacteria (Latin) bases (Greek) cacti (Latin) cactuses corpora (Latin) crises (Greek) criteria (Greek) diagnoses (Greek) formulae (Latin) formulas fungi (Latin) funguses hypotheses (Greek) kibbutzim (Hebrew) nuclei (Latin) oases (Greek) phenomena (Greek) radii (Latin) stimuli (Latin) vertebrae (Latin) 8. Agar alfavitdagi harflarni ko’plikda ifodalamoqchi bo’lsak harfga apostrof belgisi va -s qo’shimchasi qo’shiladi. Ya’ni, apostrof (’)+s.
She spelt “necessary” with two c’s. U “necessary” so’zini 2 ta “s” bilan talaffuz qildi.
Olmos Rahmonov
11 Bu holat sanalarda va qisqartma so’zlarda ham qo’llanadi.
I loved the 1960’s (yoki 1960s.) Menga 1960 yillar yoqqan. PC’s are getting cheaper. (yoki PCs) Shaxsiy kompyuterlar arzonlashib bormoqda.
Boshqa otlarda bunday holat, ya’ni apostrof belgisi bilan ko’plikka o’tkazish holati uchramaydi. 9. Agar ma’lum bir ot predlogi bilan qo’shilgan holda qo’shimcha ot shaklida bo’lsa, uning ko’plik shakli otning o’zini ko’plikka o’tkazish bilan yasaladi.
passer – by – o’tkinchi runner – up – 2-o’rin sohibi
passers – by runners – up
Shuningdek, -in law birikmasi bilan qo’shilgan otlar, masalan “mother – in law” oti kabi otlarda ko’plik birinchi otni, ya’ni “mother” otini ko’plikka o’tkazish bilan hosil qilinadi. Singular mother – in law – qaynona brother – in law – qayin uka/aka
mothers – in law brothers – in law
“court – martial – harbiy sud” otining ko’plik shakli “courts – martial” bo’ladi.
chunki bu ot chorva mollarining barcha turlarini, masalan, sigir, buzoq, ho’kiz va hokazolarni umumiy tarzda nazarda tutadi. Bu otni sanab aytish ham mumkin emas, ya’ni “three cattle” deyish noto’g’ri.
Ko’p chorva ensefalit deb ataluvchi kasallikdan aziyat chekmoqda.
Olmos Rahmonov
12 Police – politsiya, staff – xodimlar, crew – ekipaj otlari ham doim ko’plikda bo’lgan otlardir. Demak, ularga nisbatan doim ko’plikdagi fe’llar qo’llaniladi.
The police are looking for a fair haired man in his twenties. The staff are on strike.
Shuningdek, millatni ifodalaydigan otlar ham doim ko’plikda bo’ladi. The British – Britaniyaliklar The Dutch – Gollandlar The English – Inglizlar The French – Fransuzlar The Spanish – Ispanlar
The Welsh – Velsliklar The Chinese – Xitoyliklar The Japanese – Yaponlar The Sudanese – Sudanliklar
In 1581 the Dutch declared their independence from Spain. 1581 yilda Gollandlar Ispaniyadan o’z mustaqilliklari bilan ajralganlar. Biroq yuqoridagi millatni ifodalovchi otlarga va “police” otiga “man” yoki “woman” otlarini qo’shib bitta yoki bir nechta shaxslarni o’zini ifodalash mumkin.
A Dutchman came into the shop. Bir golland do’konga kirib keldi. He noticed a policeman and got hired. U bir politsiyachini ko’rdi va berkindi.
Juft otlar deb ataluvchi bir guruh otlar bo’lib, ular ham doim ko’plikda bo’ladi, ya’ni ularning birlik shakllari mavjud emas. Bunday otlar juft qismlardan tashkil topganligi uchun ham juft otlar deyiladi.
trousers – shim jeans – jinsi pyjamas – pidjama pajamas – pidjama scales – tarozi
scissors – qaychi glasses – ko’zoynak spectacles – ko’zoynak binoculars – durbin pliers – qisqich Olmos Rahmonov
13 Your jeans are too tight. Sening jinsing o’ta tor ekan. Where are my glasses? – They are on your nose. Mening ko’zoynagim qayerda? – U sening burning ustida.
Agar bunday otlarning aynan bir donasi to’g’risida gapirmochi bo’lsak, ular bilan “a pair of” birikmasini qo’llaymiz.
Have you got a pair of nail-scissors? Sizda bittagina tirnoq qirqadigan qaychi bormi? I’ve bought a pair of trousers. Men bitta shim sotib oldim.
Aynan shu birikma yordamida shu buyumlarning ko’plikdagi sonini ham ko’rsatish mumkin.
I’ve bought two pairs of trousers. Men 2 dona shim sotib oldim.
Demak, A pair of trousers/scissors/etc + is … Trousers/scissors/etc + are …
Quyidagi boshqa otlar ham doimiy ko’plikdagi otlar bo’lib, birlik shakliga ega emas. Demak, ularga nisbatan doimo ko’plikdagi fe’llarni qo’llash kerak.
arms – qurol-yarog’ clothes – kiyim-kechaklar congratulations – tabriklar contents – mundarija customs – bojxona funds – jamg’arma goods – tovarlar groceries – oziq-ovqat mollari manners – o’zini tutish tarsi the Middle Ages – o’rta asrlar
oats – suli odds – yuz berish ehtimoli, imkon outskirts – shahar cheti (tashqarisi) premises – inshoat, bino, mulk, yer regards – salomlar (maktub oxirida) remains – qoldiqlar savings – mablag’, yig’ilgan pul surroundings – tevarak atrof thanks – minnatdorchilik, tashakkur troops – askar, qo’shin
Olmos Rahmonov
14 Congratulations on your new job. Yangi ishingiz bilan tabriklayman. She lives on the outskirts of Cambridge. U Kembrijning chekkasida yashaydi.
(Birlikdagi otlar ko’plikdagi fe’llar bilan)
odamlar guruhini ifodalaydigan birlikdagi otlarga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’llar va ko’plikdagi fe’llarni qo’llash mumkin.
Bunday otlarga agar odamlar jamoasi sifatida qaralsa, biror qaror qilish, umid qilish yoki hohlashga o’xshagan ish-harakatlarni jamoa tarkibidagi har bir odamning alohida bajarishi nazarda tutilsa, ko’plikdagi fe’llar bilan ishlatiladi.
My family have decided to move to York. They are going in April. Mening oilam Yorkga ko’chib ketishga qaror qildi. Ular aprel oyida ko’chishmoqchi. My firm are wonderful. They do all they can for me. Mening firmam ajoyib. Ular men uchun qo’llaridan keladigan hamma ishni qilishadi.
Biroq jamoa otlari tarkibidagi shaxslar nazarda tutilmasdan, yagona bir bo’lim sifatida nazarda tutilsa, birlikdagi fe’llar va olmoshlar bilan qo’llaniladi.
The average family has 3.6. members. It is smaller than 50 years ago. O’rtacha hisobda oila 3,6 a’zoga ega. Bu esa 50 yil oldingiga qaraganda kichikroqdir. My firm was founded in the 18 th century. Mening firmamga 18-asrda asos solingan.
Olmos Rahmonov
15 Agar jamoa otiga nisbatan ergashgan qo’shma gapda who bog’lovchi olmoshi qo’llanilgan bo’lsa, who ga nisbatan ko’plikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi. Biroq agar which bog’lovchi olmoshi qo’llanilsa, which ga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi. Taqqoslash: The committee, who are hoping to announce important changes … Muhim o’zgarishlarni e’lon qilishga umid qilayotgan komissiya … The committee, which is elected at the annual meeting … Yillik yig’ilishda saylanadigan komissiya …
Agar jamoa oti oldidan birlikdagi ko’rsatkichlar (a/an, each, every, this, that) qo’llanilsa, unga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’l yoki olmosh ishlatiladi.
The team are full of enthusiasm. Jamoa zavq-shavqqa to’lgan edi.
has a better chance of winning. Ishtiyoqqa to’lgan jamoada g’olib bo’lishga yaxshiroq imkoniyat bor.
Xuddi yuqorida sanab o’tilgan kabi xususiyatlarga ega bo’lgan jamoa otlari quyidagilar:
bank – bank the BBC choir – xor class – sinf club – klub committee – komissiya England (the football team) Angliya futbol jamoasi family – oila firm – firma
government – hukumat jury – hakamlar ministry – vazirlik orchestra – orkestr party – partiya (siyosiy) public – jamiyat school – maktab staff – xodimlar team – jamoa union – birlashma, ittifoq, uyushma
otlar ko’plikda bo’ladi va bu holda ko’plikdagi fe’llar va olmoshlar shu otlarga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
Olmos Rahmonov
16 A number of people have tried to find the treasure, but they have are failed. Ko’p odamlar xazinani topishga harakat qilishdi, biroq ularning hammasi muvaffaqqiyatsizlikka uchradi. A group of us are going to take a boat through the French canals. Bizlarning bir guruhimiz fransuz kanallaridan o’tishda kemada chiqmoqchimiz. A couple of my friends plan to open a travel agency. Mening 2 ta o’rtog’im sayohat agentligi ochmoqchi. A lot of social problems are caused by unem ployment. Ko’pgina ijtimoiy muammolar ishsizlik tufayli kelib chiqmoqda. The majority of criminals are non-violent. Jinoyatchilarning ko’pchilik qismi zo’ravonlar emas. Some of these people are relations and the rest are old friends. Bu odamlarning ba’zilari qarindoshlar va qolganlari eski do’stlar. Half of his students don’t understand a word he says. Uning talabalarining yarmi u aytgan bir so’zni ham tushunmadi.
Plural expressions with singular verbs. (ko’plikdagi jumlalar birlikdagi fe’llar bilan) 1. Pul, og’irlik, masofa birliklarini ifodalovchi otlarga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’llar ishlatiladi, hattoki ular ko’plikda bo’lsa ham.
Where is that five pounds I lent you? Men senga bergan besh funt qayerda? Twenty miles is a long way to walk. Yigirma mil piyoda yurish uchun uzoqlik qiladi. We’ve only got five liters of petrol left. That isn’t enough. Bizda faqat besh litr benzin qoldi. Bu yetarli emasku. 2. Hisob-kitoblarni ifodalaydigan otlarga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’llar ishlatiladi.
Two plus two is four. Two plus two equals four. Olmos Rahmonov
17 Ikki plyus ikki to’rtga teng. Four from seven is/leaves three. Seven minus four equals/is three.
Three times four is twelve. Three multiplied by four equals/is twelve.
Three(s) into nine goes three. Nine divided by three equals/is three.
tuyulsa-da, unga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’l qo’llash kerak. More than one person is going to have to find a new job. Bittadan ortiqroq odam yangi ish topishiga to’g’ri keladi.
keladi. Biroq gapda unga nisbatan birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi.
fe’l bilan ishlatiladi.
Tashkilotning nomi ham ko’plik ko’rinishiga ega bo’lganda baribir birlikdagi fe’l ishlatiladi.
stores.
Olmos Rahmonov
18 Singular and Plural Singular they. (birlikni anglatuvchi “they”) 1. Ma’lumki o’zbek tilidagi kishilik olmoshlari, qaratqich aniqlovchilari, egalik olmoshlari va o’zlik olmoshlaridagi III shaxs birlikdagi “u”, “uni/unga”, “uning”, “uniki” va “o’zi” so’zlari ingliz tilida 3 xil ko’rinish oladi. Masalan,
Aynan ana shu 3 xil ko’rinish tufayli ingliz tilidagi ayrim gaplarda muammoli vaziyat paydo bo’ladi. Masalan, quyidagi o’zbek tilidagi dialogni olaylik:
(eshik taqillaydi) - Kim u? - Bu men, Anvarman.
Yuqoridagi gapni ingliz tiliga o’girayotganda “Kim u?” deganda “u” so’zini aynan qaysi olmosh bilan ifodalashni o’rganuvchilar odatda o’ylanib qoladi – he mos keladimi yoki she. Sababi, eshik ortida turgan kishining erkak yoki ayolligi aniq bo’lmaydi. Shu holda inglizlar it shaxsini qo’llaydi, ya’ni:
- Who is it? - It is me, Anvar.
Shunga o’xshash hollar ingliz tilida ko’p uchraydi. Ko’pgina hollarda shaxsi aniq bo’lmagan birlikdagi kishini nazarda tutish uchun they/them/their so’zlari qo’llaniladi. Bu so’zlar ko’pincha gapdagi a person, anybody/anyone, somebody/someone, nobody/no one, whoever, each, every, either, neither va no so’zlarini nazarda tutib keladi. Masalan:
If a person doesn’t want to go on living, they are often very difficult to help. Agar biror kishi yashashni davom ettirishni hohlamasa unga yordam berish qiyin bo’ladi. Olmos Rahmonov
19 If anybody calls, take their name and ask them to call again later. Agar biror kishi qo’ng’iroq qilsa, uning ismini olib qo’ygin va keyinroq yana qo’ng’iroq qilishini undan so’ragin. Somebody left their umbrella in the office. Would they please collect it?
Kimdir idorada soyabonini unutib qoldiribdi. U (o’sha kishi) uni olib ketsin, xo’pmi? Nobody was late, were they? Hech kim kech qolmadi, shundaymi? Whoever comes, tell them I’m not in. Kim kelmasin, unga ayt meni ichkarida emasligimni.
Tell each person to help themselves to what they want. Har bir kishiga aytgin tortinmasdan olaverishsin. Every individual thinks they’re different from everybody else. Har bir shaxs o’zini boshqa har bir shaxsdan farq qiladi deb hisoblaydi.
Yuqoridagi misollardan ko’rinib turibdiki they/them/their/themselves so’zlari birlikdagi otlarni ifodalab kelmoqda. They/them/their/themselves birlikdagi otni ifodalashi uchun birinchi navbatda o’sha birlikdagi otning o’zi bir vaqtning o’zida erkak kishini ham, ayol kishini ham farqsiz nazarda tutib turishi kerak. Demak, yuqoridagi misollardan quyidagilarni tushunish mumkin.
They – he or she Them – him or her Their – his or her Themselves – himself or herself.
Biroq, ba’zan kishining jinsini aniq ko’rsata oladigan ot qo’llanganda va shu ot birlikda berilsa ham, unga nisbatan they/them/their qo’llash mumkin.
Olmos Rahmonov
20 Masalan:
I swear more when I’m talking to a boy, because I’m not afraid of shocking them. Men (istalgan) o’g’il bola bilan gaplashganimda ko’proq so’kinaman, chunki men ularni larzaga keltirishdan qo’rqmayman. No girl should have to wear school uniform, because it makes them look like a sack of potatoes. Hech qaysi qiz bola maktab formasini kiyib yurishga majbur emas, chunki u ularni bir qop kartoshkaga o’xshatib qo’yadi.
Yuqoridagi misollar intervyulardan olingan bo’lib, kimningdir biror sohadagi shaxsiy fikrini berayotganligini anglatmoqda va gaplarda “a boy” va “no girl” otlari birlikda va jinsi aniq bo’lishiga qaramay them olmoshi bilan ifodalanmoqda. Chunki bu otlarda “istalgan” degan tushuncha sezilib turibdi.
gapda qo’llanilishi ko’p asrlardan buyon bor va mutlaqo to’g’ridir. Bu holat ayniqsa, norasmiy ingliz tilida ko’p uchraydi. Biroq kuchli rasmiylikda ham qo’llanilgan holat bor. Masalan quyidagi misol Britaniya pasporti hujjatlaridan olingan
Dual nationality: if the child possesses the nationality or citizenship of another country they may lose this when they get a British Passport. Ikki xil millatlilik: agar bola boshqa bir mamlakatning fuqarosi bo’lsa yoki millatiga ega bo’lsa, u bu egaligini yo’qotadi qachonki Britaniya pasportini olsa. Note. Kuchli rasmiylikda birlikni nazarda tutuvchi they/them/their/themselves o’rnida he/him/his/himself so’zlarini ishlatish mumkin. Masalan:
If a student is ill, he must send his medical certificate to the College office. Agar talaba kasal bo’lsa, u o’z tibbiy ma’lumotnomasini kollej ofisiga jo’natishi kerak. Olmos Rahmonov
21 If I ever find the person who did that, I’ll kill him. Agar men qachondir bu ishni qilgan kishini topsam, uni naqd o’ldirib qo’yaman. Yuqoridagi gaplarda qo’llanilgan he/him/his so’zlari biror o’g’il bola yoki erkak kishini nazarda tutayotgani yo’q. aslida ular quyidagi ma’nolarda qo’llanilmoqda:
he = he or she him = him or her his = his or her Singular and Plural (mixed structures) (aralash jumlalar) Ba’zi jumlalarga nisbatan fe’l tanlanayotganda, shu jumlalardagi ikkita turli xil qismlarga nisbatan bir xil fe’l tanlash mumkin bo’ladi. Bunday qurilmalarning bir tomoni birlik, ikkinchi tomoni esa ko’plik bo’ladi.
bog’lovchilari kelsa, demak ushbu bog’lovchilar shu birikmani izohlab kelayotgan ergash gapni bosh gapga bog’laydi. Shu holda bog’lovchidan keyin tanlanayotgan fe’l birlikda bo’lishi ham, ko’plikda bo’lishi ham mumkin.
She’s one of the few women who have/has climbed Everest. U Everest cho’qqisini zabt etgan bir nechtagina ayollarning bittasidir. This is one of those books that are/is read by everybody. Bu har bir kishi tomonidan o’qiladigan o’sha kitoblardan bittasidir.
Qat’iyan gapirganda yuqoridagi misollarda ko’plikdagi fe’llar to’g’ri deb qaraladi. Chunki tanlanayotgan fe’l asosan birikmadagi “the few women” va “those books that” otlarini ifodalaydi deb qaraladi, biroq birlikdagi fe’llar qo’llanilgan holatlar ham uchraydi.
don’t answer letters.
Olmos Rahmonov
22 Mening jahlimni chiqaradigan narsalardan bittasi bu xatlarga javob bermaydigan odamlardir. We’ve got one of those-Japanese cars that never break/breaks down. Bizda hech qachon buzilib qolmaydigan o’sha yapon mashinalaridan bittasi bor.
ot kesim tarkibidagi otga emas. Masalan:
The biggest timewaster is
meetings Eng katta vaqtni oluvchi narsa majlislardir
Subject Verb Complement A serious problem in our garden is wasps Bizning bog’imizdagi jiddiy muammo arilardir Quyidagi gaplarda ega va ot kesim orasida juda uzoq masofa bor. Subject Verb Complement The most interesting thing on radio and television last weekend, without any doubt, was the tennis championships.
shubhasiz tennis chempionatlari bo’ldi.
Subject Verb Complement What I am most interested in is your immediate personal reactions. Mening eng qiziqqan narsam sening tezkor shaxsiy reaksiyang. Subject Verb Complement What we need is a few bright young engineers. Bizga kerak bo’lgan narsa bir nechta yosh bilimli injenerlardir. Olmos Rahmonov
23 Note. Yuqoridagi gaplarda ega va kesim orasida masofa uzoq bolganda norasmiy ingliz tilida fe’lni “complement” qismga moslashtirish mumkin. Singular and Plural. Distributive plural (Taqsimlangan ko’plik) 1. Agar gapda bir nechta odamlarning har biri bir xil ish bajarishlari nazarda tutilsa, otlar ko’plikda ishlatiladi.
Tell the kids to bring raincoats to school tomorrow. (NOT Tell the kids to bring a raincoat…) Bolalarga ertaga maktabga yomg’irpo’shlarini olib kelishlari kerakligini ayting. Shuningdek, otlar oldidan shunday holatda ko’plikdagi qaratqich aniqlovchilar ishlatiladi.
Tell the children to take their bags away from the desks. (NOT Tell the children to take their bag…) Bolalarga sumkalarini partalaridan nariga olishlari kerakligini ayting. Six people lost their lives in the accident. Olti kishi baxtsiz hodisa qurboni bo’lishdi.
Sanalmaydigan otning ko’plik shakli bo’lmaganligi tufayli birlikda qolaveradi.
(NOT …their knowledges…)
to’g’risida qo’shimcha ma’lumotlar berilmagan bo’lsa, shu holatni ifodalovchi otlar ko’plikda bo’ladi.
I often get headaches. (NOT I often get a headache.) Menda tez tez bosh og’riqlari bo’lib turadi. Olmos Rahmonov
24 She sometimes goes for rides over the hills. U ba’zida tepaliklar ustida ot minishga borib turadi.
Agar yuqoridagi holatlar to’g’risida ko’proq ma’lumotlar berib yoritilgan bo’lsa, otlar birlikda ko’rsatiladi.
I often get a headache when I’ve been working on the computer. Men kompyuterda ishlab kelganimdan keyin tez-tez boshim og’riydi. She often goes for a ride over the hills before supper. U kechki ovqatdan keyin tez-tez tepaliklar ustida ot minishga borib turadi.
Aniq gapirish, tushunmovchilikni oldini olish uchun ba’zan faqat birlikdagi ot ishlatiladi.
I sometimes throw a stone into the river and wish for good luck. (NOT I sometimes throw stones… - only one stone is thrown on each time.) Men ba’zida daryoga tosh tashlayman va omad so’rayman. (I sometimes throw stones bo’lmaydi, chunki har safar faqat bittadan
Takroriy hodisalar to’g’risida gap ketganda paytni ifodalovchi so’zlar, ya’ni hafta kunlari, kun mahallari va oy nomlarini ifodalovchi otlar ko’plikda ham birlikda ham qo’llanilaveradi.
We usually go and see my mother on Saturday(s). Biz odatda shanba kun(lar)ida onamizdan xabardor bo’lib turamiz. He’s not at his best in the morning(s). U ertalab(lari) karaxt bo’ladi. 3. Fan nuqtai-nazaridan tushuntirishlarda, grammatik qoidalar aytilganda otlar birlikda ham ko’plikda ham bo’laveradi. We use a past participle in a perfect verb form.
OR
We use past participles in perfect verb forms. Biz o’tgan zamon sifatdoshlarini fe’lning tugallangan shakllarida qo’llaymiz. Olmos Rahmonov
25 Aralash holatlar ham uchraydi.
Egalar o’z fe’li bilan mos holatda bo’ladi. Children may resemble both their father and their mother in different ways. Bollalar turli tomonlama o’z otasi yoki onasiga o’xshaydi.
noun + noun (ot +ot)
o’tkazishda aynan ikkinchi ot ko’plik shakliga o’zgaradi. Birinchi ot esa oddiy aniqlovchi sifatida qolaveradi. Masalan: Singular Plural a shoe shop – oyoq kim do’koni shoe shops (NOT shoes shop) a toothbrush – tish chutkasi toothbrushes a ticket office – chiptaxona ticket offices a trouser pocket – shim cho’ntagi trouser pockets (NOT trousers pocket)
Biroq yuqoridagi qoidadan mustasno bo’lgan holatlar ham bor. Ular quyidagilar:
Plural a clothes shop – kiyim kechak do’koni
clothes shops a glasses case – ko’zoynak qutisi
glasses cases a customs officer – bojxona ofiseri
arms control – qurol yarog’ nazorati
arms controls a savings account – jamg’arma hisob raqami savings accounts the sales department – sotish bo’limi
sales departments the outpatients department - poliklinika
outpatients departments a drinks cabinet – ichimliklar xonasi
drinks cabinets a goods train – tovarlar poyezdi
goods trains Olmos Rahmonov
26 a sports car – sport mashinasi
sports cars a greeting(s) card – tabriknoma
greeting(s) cards an antique(s) dealer/shop – qadimiy buyumlar antique(s) dealers/shops do’koni the drug(s) problem – narkotiklar muammosi the drug(s) problems the arrival(s) hall – kelish zali
the arrival(s) halls
Shuningdek, fan nomlari, sohalar va sport turlarini ifodalovchi otlardan yasalgan qo’shma otlarda ham yuqoridagi kabi holat bo’ladi
athletics training – atletika mashqi an economics degree – iqtisodiyot diploma
Quyidagi otlarni bir biriga taqqoslab ulardagi farqni bilish mumkin. men drivers (=men who drive) – erkak haydovchilar women pilots (=women who fly planes) – ayol uchuvchilar man eaters (=lions or tigers that eat people) – odamxo’rlar woman haters (=people who hate women) - ayollarni yoqtirmaydiganlar
bo’lsa, fe’l ko’plikda bo’ladi.
Alice and Bob are going to be late. Alisa va Bob kech qolishadi.
Biroq ba’zi “and” bog’lovchisi bilan berilgan so’zlar yaxlit bitta birikma deb qaralsa, fe’l birlikda bo’ladi.
Your toast and marmalade is on the table. Olmos Rahmonov
27 Agar gapdagi ikkita ega quyidagi birikmalar bilan berilgan bo’lsa, gapdagi fe’l faqat birinchi egaga mos ravishda tanlanadi, ya’ni bu holatda shu bog’lovchilar bilan ergashayotgan otlar fe’lga ta’sir qila olmaydi.
as well as together with Subject 1 + accompanied by + Subject 2 + verb Subject 1 besides with along with
a tough financial policy.
preparing a new budget. Bo’lim boshliqlari bilan birgalikda boshqaruvchi menejer yangi byudjetni tayyorlamoqda. Agar gapdagi ikkita ega “or-yoki” bog’lovchisi bilan bo’g’langan bo’lsa, fe’l “or” bog’lovchisidan keyinda turgan egaga mos holatda bo’ladi.
There’s no room – either two chairs or a table has got to be moved. Bo’sh joy yo’q – ikkita stul yoki bitta stol surilishi kerak. There’s no room – either a table or two chairs have got to be moved. Bo’sh joy yo’q – bitta stol yoki ikkita stul surilishi kerak. Agar ikkita birlikdagi ega “Neither … nor…” yordamida bog’langan bo’lsa, fe’l birlikda bo’ladi.
Neither she nor her husband has arrived. Na u va na uning eri keldi.
Biroq norasmiy ingliz tilida fe’l ko’plikda bo’lishi ham mumkin. Neither she nor her husband have arrived.
Olmos Rahmonov
28 2. Agar none, neither va either olmoshlari “of + plural noun/pronoun” bilan birlashgan holatda gapda ega bo’lib kelsa, fe’l birlikda bo’ladi.
3. Son bilan ifodalangan ko’plikdagi otlar oldidan “another” so’zini qo’llash mumkin. Bunda “another” so’zi “yana”, “qo’shimcha” ma’nolarini ifodalaydi. I want to stay for another three weeks. Men yana uch hafta qolishni hohlayman. We need another three chairs. Bizga yana uchta stul kerak. I need another five hundred dollars to buy a car. Mashina sotib olish uchun menga yana besh yuz dollar kerak.
Olmos Rahmonov
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Olmos Rahmonov
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Olmos Rahmonov
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Olmos Rahmonov
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