Olympiad Combinatorics
Example 12 [IMO 2007, Problem 3]
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- Answer: Let M
Example 12 [IMO 2007, Problem 3]
In a mathematical competition some competitors are friends; friendship is always mutual. Call a group of competitors a clique if each two of them are friends. The number of members in a clique is called its size. It is known that the size of the largest clique(s) is even. Prove that the competitors can be arranged in two rooms such that the size of the largest cliques in one room is the same as the size of the largest cliques in the other room. Answer: Let M be one of the cliques of largest size, |M| = 2m. First send all members of M to Room A and all other people to Room B. Let c(A) Chapter 1: Algorithms 21 and c(B) denote the sizes of the largest cliques in rooms A and B at a given point in time. Since M is a clique of the largest size, we initially have c(A) =|M|≥ c(B). Now we want to “balance things out”. As long as c(A) > c(B), send one person from Room A to Room B. In each step, c(A) decreases by one and c(B) increases by at most one. So at the end we have c(A)≤ c(B) ≤ c(A) + 1. We also have c(A) = |A| ≥ m at the end. Otherwise we would have at least m+1 members of M in Room B and at most m−1 in Room A, implying c(B)−c(A) ≥ (m+1)−(m−1) = 2. Clearly if c(A) = c(B) we are done so at this stage the only case we need to consider is c(B) - c(A) = 1. Let c(A) = k, c(B) = k+1. Now if there is a competitor in B, who is also in M but is not in the biggest clique in B, then by sending her to A, c(B) doesn’t change but c(A) increases by 1 and we are done. Now suppose there is no such competitor. We do the following: take each clique of size k+1 in B and send one competitor to A. At the end of this process, c(B) = k. Now we leave it to the reader to finish the proof by showing that c(A) is still k. (You will need to use the supposition that there is no competitor in B who is also in M but not in the biggest clique of B. This means that every clique in B of size (k+1) contains B∩M). ■ Download 0.83 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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