On phenomena in ionized gases
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- Surface Properties of Polymer Films obtained by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet on SAE 1020 Steel
- 3. Results and Discussion
- 4. References
- Near-cathode layers of arc discharges and diffuse mode of current transfer to cathodes of vacuum arcs
- Steady equilibrium co-rotating dust vortices in a streaming sheared plasma
- References
- Gas temperature distribution in cathode fall region of hydrogen Grimm glow discharge
- Plasma-surface interaction, blister formation and hydrogen retention on ITER relevant materials
3. References [1] S. A. Norberg, E. Johnsen, M. J. Kushner, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 24 (2015) 035026. [2] N. Yu. Babaeva, D. V. Tereshonok, and G. V. Naidis, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 25 (2016) 044008. [3] N. Yu. Babaeva, Accepted for publication in Plasma Process. Polym. (2017).
Topic number 14 198 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Surface Properties of Polymer Films obtained by Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet on SAE 1020 Steel
L.L.G. Silva P 1,2
P , U N.A. Ferraz UP 1,2 P , V. Prysiazhnyi P 2
, K.G. Kostov P 2 P
P 1 P
P
In this work polymer films were deposited on SAE 1020 steel by an atmospheric plasma jet system using hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) monomer as polymerizing agent. Several experimental parameters, such as, deposition time, deposition mode (continuous deposition and deposition alternated with surface activation) and voltage waveform were varied. A decrease of the water contact angle from 98° up to 28° was observed for the samples without and with deposited film, respectively. As evidenced by SEM the polymer films exhibited a cauliflower structure, which can also influence the surface wettability. The results of electrochemical measurements presented a slight improvement of the corrosion potential and corrosion current density of SAE 1020 steel after the HMDSO film deposition.
1. Introduction Nowadays there exist several methods to obtain polymer films for corrosion protection. However, in the most applications; the reactors are operated at low pressure, which requires an expensive vacuum system. Plasma deposition at atmospheric pressure has emerged as an alternative approach because it is economically favourable and
environmentally friendly. However, still there are few studies about atmospheric plasma deposition on the metallic surface. Lommatzsch et al. grew HMDSO films on aluminium by using atmospheric plasma jet [1]. This work deals with the study of plasma jet deposition of HMDSO films on SAE1020 steel.
The plasma jet system consists of a 18.0mm-diam Pyrex tube terminating with a horn-like nozzle, HV electrode placed inside it and a grounded electrode covered by glass table beneath the tube. Plasma was excited by an AC power supply operating at 19.0 kHz and voltage amplitude of 15.0 kVp-p. The device was flushed with 1.0 L/min argon flow and a mixture of air/monomer at flow rate of 0.1 L/min was introduced. Samples (12.5 mm diameter discs SAE 1020 steel) were exposed to plasma for 5 to 20 min. at a nozzle-to-sample distance of 6 mm.
The water contact angle decreased from 98° for the uncoated sample up to 28° for the coated sample. Therefore the HMDSO film deposition using plasma jet led to a hydrophilic surface. As evidenced by the Fig. 1 the film consists of cauliflower structures with many pores that allow spreading of the water drop.
Figure 1: SEM image of HMDSO film (10,000 X)
As shown in the figure 2 the coated sample presented a nobler behavior because its corrosion potential is more positive (-0,59V) when compared to the standard sample (-0,62V). The same behavior was observed in the open circuit potential curves. The coated steel sample presented a corrosion current density of about 1.5 x 10 -6 A/cm², which is slightly lower than the reference one.
Fig. 2: Polarization curves of steel samples 4. References [1] U. Lommatzsch, J. Ihde, Plasma Processes and Polymers. 6, (2009) 642. 14
199 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Near-cathode layers of arc discharges and diffuse mode of current transfer to cathodes of vacuum arcs
M. S. Benilov and L. G. Benilova P
Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Analytical results on integral characteristics of near-cathode arc plasma layers, available in the literature for different limiting cases, are revisited and modified where appropriate. A complete set of ready-for-use formulas for the whole range of conditions relevant for both vacuum arcs and arcs burning in ambient gases is given. As an example, the formulas are applied to analysis of spotless attachments of vacuum arcs to cathodes made of lead or chromium.
Under typical conditions of arc discharges, both in vacuum and ambient gases, the ion flux to the cathode surface is generated in a thin near-cathode plasma layer. A reasonably accurate description of this layer is of primary importance for understanding and modelling of arc-cathode interaction, which, in turn, is indispensable for understanding and modelling of both the cathode and the arc on the whole. What is needed to this end in the first place are not detailed distributions of plasma parameters in near-cathode layers, but rather integral characteristics relevant for modelling the arc-cathode interaction. In order to facilitate practical applications, results on
these characteristics should preferably be delivered in the form of analytical formulas. A number of such formulas, derived under
some or
other approximations by means of different integral models, are available in the literature. Note that the integral models used in the derivation, while being simple, adequately reflect the most important physical processes and are sufficiently accurate. The aim of this work is to revisit analytical results on relevant integral characteristics of near- cathode arc layers available in the literature for different limiting cases, to modify these results where appropriate, and to present a complete set of ready-for-use formulas for the whole range of conditions relevant for both vacuum arcs and arcs burning in ambient gases. The most important such characteristics are: electric field at the cathode surface (which is needed for evaluation of the electron emission current); currents of ions and plasma electrons reaching the cathode surface; and energy and momentum delivered to the cathode surface by the ion current, which play in important role in heating of the cathode to temperatures sufficient for electron emission and formation of cathode jets and droplets. As an example, the derived formulas are applied to analysis of spotless attachments of vacuum arcs to cathodes made of lead or chromium. For both metals, the usual mechanism of current transfer to vacuum arc cathodes cannot sustain current densities of the order of 10 5 -10 6 A m
-2 observed in the experiment. The reason is that the electrical power deposited into the electron gas in the near- cathode space-charge sheath is too low. It was hypothesized [1] that in such cases the electrical power is supplied to the electron gas primarily in the bulk plasma, rather than in the sheath, and a high level of electron energy at the sheath edge is sustained by electron heat conduction from the bulk plasma. The density of current of ions diffusing to the sheath edge from the quasi-neutral plasma was estimated with the use of the relation between the plasma pressure at the edge of the ionization layer and the equilibrium vapour pressure, derived in this work. The obtained values are comparable to the experimental current density, which supports the above hypothesis for both lead and chromium cathodes. The difference between the plasma pressure at the edge of the ionization layer and the equilibrium vapour pressure for the case of chromium cathode exceeds that for the case of lead cathode by about a factor of 2 and produces a stronger effect over the ion current. Note that the latter effect was disregarded in the previous analysis of spotless arc attachment to chromium cathodes performed in [1]. This work was supported in part by FCT of Portugal through
the project
Pest- OE/UID/FIS/50010/2013. References [1] M. S. Benilov and L. G. Benilova, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. (2015) 43, 2247-2252 Topic 3
200 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Steady equilibrium co-rotating dust vortices in a streaming sheared plasma
Modhuchandra Laishram 1 , Devendra Sharma 1 , and P. K. Kaw 1
P 1 P
electrostatic potential non-uniformities and gravitational field [1]. Force fields with nonvanishing curl in these clouds drive self-organized vortex flow motion [2] such that the setup replicates a wide range of volumetrically driven bounded natural and complex flow systems. Addressing their viscous fluid like regimes using 2D Navier-Stocks model allows to reveal various physical characteristics of a variety of volumetrically driven bounded flow equilibria and highly sheared vortex flows [3]. The 2D hydrodynamic formulation of the confined dust clouds and its nonlinear equilibrium solutions incorporating finite boundary effect shows a critical transition of the boundary flow from the laminar to a boundary layer separated (BLS) nonlinear regime. The scaling of boundary layer width ∆r 3
∝ μ, uniquely dependent on the kinematic viscosity μ in linear regime turn into velocity dependent form ∆r 2 (u
|| /L
|| )
∝ μ in the high Reynolds number nonlinear regime through a critical kinematic viscosity μ*, influencing the velocimetric determination of the dust viscosity [4]. The nonlinear solutions recover development of vortex scales independent of finer structure in the boundary. The transition allows formation of sequence of corotating vortices separated by layers of high shear depending on varying depth-to-width called the aspect ratio (L z /L r ) of the dust confined domain. References [1] Manjit, Sharma, and Prabal, Phys. of Plasma 22 033703(2015). [2] Laishram, Sharma, and Kaw, Phys. of Plasma 21 073703(2014). [3] Laishram, Sharma, and Kaw, Phys. Rev. E 91 063110(2015). [4] Laishram, Sharma, Prabal and Kaw, Phys. Rev. E** Accepted, Article in Press (February- 2017).
Topic number 12 201
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Gas temperature distribution in cathode fall region of hydrogen Grimm glow discharge
M. Vasiljević 1 , G. Majstorović 2 and N. M. Šišović 1
1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physics, 11001 Belgrade, P.O. Box 44, Serbia 2 University of Defence, Military Academy, 11105 Belgrade, Pavla Jurišića Šturma 33, Serbia
Optical emission spectroscopy technique is used to measure gas temperature distrubition in cathode fall (CF) region of an abnormal type glow discharge operating in hydrogen at low pressure. For the gas temperature estimation, the Q branch of electronic transition d 3
- , '=0 a 3 g + , "=0 (Fulcher- diagonal band)
is recorded and analyzed in the cathode fall region of the Grimm type glow discharge. The rotational temperature of ground vibrational state T 0 (n , ) determined from the rotational population density distribution in an excited (n
) vibrational state can be considered as a valid estimation of the ground state rovibrational temperatutre i.e. H 2 translational temperature T tr . 1. Introduction Within the growing number of applications original Grimm design glow discharge source (GDS) is successfully used as an excitation source for analytical spectroscopy of metal and alloy samples. The knowledge of discharge parameters in CF region (the electric field distribution, excitation temperature, translational gas temperature T tr of
molecules etc.) is of particular importance for characterization of Grimm GDS. Here, Fulcher- diagonal band is recorded and analyzed in the cathode fall region of glow discharge in hydrogen for the gas temperature mapping.
A detailed description of a modified Grimm GDS source and experimental setup is given in [1]. The experiment has been realized in hydrogen (purity 99.999%). The axial intensity distribution of radiation is observed side-on through the anode slot. The discharge tube was translated in steps
spectra are performed with an instrumental profile very close to Gaussian with full width-at-half- maximum (FWHM) of 0.014 nm in the second diffraction order. Signals from thermoelectrically cooled CCD detector (2048 × 506 pixels, pixel size 12 × 12 μm, -10 ºC) are collected and processed by PC.
3. Results and discusion The temperature obtained from Q branch of Fulcher- band may be considered as the most reliable for the temperature estimation, see details in Ref. 2. The Q branch lines of the electronic transition d 3
- , ' a 3 g + , " (
resolved and have high enough intensities in the 595-645 nm wavelength region. So, Boltzmann plot technique is used for evaluation of rotational temperature T rot (n',ν') of the excited state. Within the framework of model discussed in [3], the temperature recalculated for the ground vibrational state X 1 Σ
g , = 0 is two times larger than the rotational temperature of excited states since the rotational constants for the upper and ground states are (30.364 cm −1 ) and (60.853 cm −1 ), respectively. The results obtained for gas temperature T tr distribution along the CF region are presented in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The axial distribution of gas temperature of the H 2 ground state X 1 Σ + g. Experimental conditions: p = 4.5mbar; I = 13.4 mA; U= 775 V. 4. References [1] G.Lj. Majstorović, N.V. Ivanović, N.M. Šišović, S. Djurović, N. Konjević. Plasma Sources Sci Technol. 22 (2013) 045015. [2] G.Lj. Majstorović, N.M. Šišović, N. Konjević. Plasma Sources Sci Technol. 16 (2007) 750. [3] S.A. Astashkevich, M. Käning, E. Käning, N. V. Kokina, B.P. Lavrov, A. Ohl, J. Röpcke. JQSRT 56 (1996)725. 6 202 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Plasma-surface interaction, blister formation and hydrogen retention on ITER relevant materials
C. Quiros, G. Lombardi, J. Mougenot, M. Redolfi, K. Hassouni LSPM-CNRS Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-93490 Villetaneuse, France P
In this contribution we present a coupled approach diagnostics/modelling dealing with laboratory simulations of plasma-surface interactions in the frame of the ITER project. We made a focus on studying interaction between an hydrogen plasma and a surface of aluminum used as a surrogate to beryllium. In particular, the formation kinetics of blisters onto the surface was studied. The corresponding amount of hydrogen which diffused and is trapped in the material was quantified using a Molecular Rate Equation model.
Plasma-wall interactions present a serious concern in existing fusion reactors. Surface modification of PFC (Plasma Facing Components), dust formation and hydrogen retention are some of the problems that have to be resolved before achieving sustainable nuclear fusion. Beryllium (Be) is has been chosen as a first wall material due to its high thermal conductivity, low neutron activation, low Z and its affinity to oxygen. However it is a highly toxic material and it has to be handled with great caution. As proposed by [1,2] aluminum (Al) is a non-toxic proxy material to Be, which presents a similar behavior after plasma exposure. Its studies can therefore provide useful information that can be transposed to Be. However, their hydrogen isotope (HI) retention mechanisms are different. In this article, experimental and model results are first predicted for hydrogen retention and blister formation in Al. Next a numerical comparison between Al and Be retention will be exposed.
The plasma reactor CASIMIR (Chemical Ablation, Sputtering, Ionization, Multi-wall Interaction and Redeposition) is used to partially simulate plasma wall interactions processes. This reactor relies on the ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) principle to produce low pressure (10 3 mbar) and high-density plasmas (10 11 cm
-3 ) [3]. Al samples were exposed to hydrogen plasma at different fluences with a flux of ~ 1.7x10 20 ions/m
2 s.
After 6h of plasma exposure, corresponding to a fluence of ~3.6x10 24 ions/m
2 , the Al surface shows a high density of blisters of approximately 2.9x10 -4
blisters/µm as presented in Fig.1. The density of blisters doubles after the sample is exposed during 12h. The cross section images of these samples show large voids, of about 25-100 µm, under the blisters. These voids reach a depth of about 150 µm. There are also smaller voids, with a size of 1-5 µm, close to the surface of the sample.
A macroscopic rate equations code has been used to simulate hydrogen retention in materials and bubble formation [4,5]. This code simulates the depth profile of hydrogen isotopes, the hydrogen concentration in the material and the temperature distribution in the exposed material. The code was initially developed to simulate HI retention in tungsten (W), however it has been extended for Al and Be and used to simulate the plasma conditions of CASIMIR. Three types of traps were used to simulate the experimental results on Al: vacancies, dislocations and bubbles. This numerical approach has been extended to Be and some differences on HI retention with Al are presented. Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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