On phenomena in ionized gases
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- Development of electric propulsion using ICR heating on TPD-Sheet IV
- Development of a compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source for remote plasma processing
- 2. A Water-cooled Surface Wave Plasma Source
- Retention and transmission of deuterium in tungsten on D-He mixture plasma
- 3. Experimental Results
- Antibacterial and non-fouling Cu/C:F nanocomposites deposited onto poly(ether-ether-ketone) folis
- Electron collision cross section set of C 2 F 4 gas
References [1] N. Terayama, J. Plasma Fusion Res., 87, 548 (2011).
[2] A. P. Ehiasarian et al., Pure and Applied Chemistry, 82, 1247 (2010).
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 0.3Pa 0.5Pa
1Pa 3Pa
Raman shift (cm -1 ) Int e ns it y (
a .u.)
Fig. 1. Raman spectra with various pressures.
0
1 1.5
2 2.5
3 3.5
4 0 0.5 1 1.5
2 2.5
I D /I G pressure(Pa)
Fig. 2. I D /I G as a function of pressure . Topic number 14 221
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
M. Nishimura P 1 P , U T. Takimoto UP 1 P , A. Tonegawa P 1 P , H. Horisawa P 1
, K. N. Sato P 2 P P , K. Kawamura 1 P
1 Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan 2
The electric propulsion using an ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) heating on our experimental apparatus TPD-Sheet IV has been developed to control the thrust and specific impulse by manipulating RF powers for plasma production and ion heating. Ion acceleration of high density sheet plasma (~10 18 m -3 ) in divergent magnetic field by ICR is investigated. The RF electrodes are made of two parallel plates. The ion energy in the perpendicular direction was measured by a diamagnetic loop coil. The experimental condition is helium gas and discharge current 30~50 A. Ion energy in the perpendicular direction of the magnetic line increased by the ion-cyclotron resonance. Also, ions were accelerated along the axis of the magnetic line by divergent magnetic field.
An electric propulsion system is one of the key elements in future space exploration projects and has been developed for various space missions. Development of a high power-density plasma thruster with a higher specific impulse and a larger thrust is prerequisite for a manned interplanetary space thruster [1]. Development of Variable Specific Impulse Magneto-plasma Rocket (VASIMR) engine proposed by NASA's Dr. F. R. Chang Diaz et al has proceeded. In this system, the thrust and the specific thrust are controlled freely by manipulating in powers for plasma production and ion heating and various engine operations according to the mission situation can be realized. [2]. The ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) causes perpendicular direction ion heating, followed by the energy conversion from the perpendicular to parallel direction by divergent magnetic field. In the steady state plasma, experimental results of the ion heating have been reported in the low-density plasma (~10 17 m
-3 ) by
ICRH [3]. In this study, experimental of ion acceleration of high-density sheet plasma (~10 18 m -3 ) in the steady state by ICRH has been conducted on a linear plasma device TPD-Sheet IV. Since the thickness of the plasma sheet is small, which is about twice of an ion Larmor radius, efficient ion heating with relatively lower powers by using ICRH can be expected.
Shown in Fig.1, The TPD-Sheet IV device consists of the sheet plasma source, magnetic coils, radio-frequency (RF) heating part, a measurement part, end chamber, a vacuum exhaust. With a magnetic field power source (300 A, ~60 V) and nine coils, maximum magnetic field of 0.12 T can be generated in the heating region. Various magnetic field structures can be formed by using a small power source (300 A, ~10 V) for the two coils at z-axis direction end of the device. The RF applying circuit consists of the RF power supply, a matching circuit and RF electrodes. The maximum output of the RF power supply is about 500 W. The RF electrodes is a parallel flat plate with a width of 60 mm and a length of 200 mm and experiments were conducted in the excitation frequency range of 200 to 600 kHz.
The plasma is sandwiched between the two parallel plate electrodes. The electron density and the electron temperature are measured by a fast scanning Langmuir probe. The ion temperature T i ⊥
i// are measured by the diamagnetic loop coil and a Faraday cup, respectively. The thrust measured was conducted by a target pendulum [3].
3. References [1]
A. Ando, K. Takahashi, Y. Izawa, K. Suzuki, Y. Hoshino, IEPC-2013-338, 33th Int. Electric Propulsion Conference (2013) [2]
report. JAXA-RR-09-003 (2010) [3]
T. Iijima, S. Hagiwara, Fusion Science and Technology. Vol.63, No. 1T, 417-419 (2013) 17
Fig.1. Schematic diagram of TPD-Sheet IV 222
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Development of a compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source for remote plasma processing H. J. You, W. I. Choo P
P Plasma Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, Gunsan, Republic of Korea P
A compact surface wave plasma source was newly developed for remote plasma processing such as chamber cleaning, dry etching(SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , Silicon), photoresist stripping(SU-8), and decapsulation of microchips. The source was designed to be compact but to have high flow rate plasma generation and high gas decomposition rate so that it could bring higher radical generation, increased throughput, and uniform processing. In this presentation, we present results of microwave electric field simulations, and then we show experimental results on the source performances.
As for cleaning process of unwanted deposits on processing chamber wall and its tooling, the most advanced cleaning method is so-called “remote plasma source cleaning(RPSC)”. In the RPSC, input gases(i.e. NF 3 ) are supplied to a remote plasma source where they are dissociated into constituent atoms(F, N, F
2 , and N
2 ), then the active species transported to the interior of the processing chamber. The first generation of remote
plasma source
was surfaguide-type microwave discharge since it has wide range of operating pressure and high rate of gas dissociation. However, the microwave source had some limitations on flow rate capability and hardware simplicity; The surfaguide discharge source used a dielectric tube as a discharge chamber, so the tube could not withstand some high level of plasma load. Also due to bulky set of supporting microwave hardware(tuning stubs, circulator/dummy load, and large-size high voltage power supply, it was difficult to have simple configuration and smaller footprint. Therefore, the next generation of microwave remote plasma source should have higher flow rate capability and compactness, which allow for extendibility to faster, larger cleaning process and reduced complexity. In this presentation, a new compact microwave plasma source sustained by surface wave is introduced. We describe the design of the source and show the results of microwave electromagnetic simulations. Further, results of NF3 plasma experiments is given on plasma operation ranges and gas decomposition rates.
The source was designed to be compact but to generate high flow rate plasma with high gas decomposition so that it could result higher active species(radicals) generation and
increased throughput. The above features were accomplished by an efficient microwave coupling and a water-cooled plasma region. As shown in Fig. 1, the microwave is fed by WR340 waveguide. High microwave field is coupled to a plasma region by a coupling rod that is intruded into the wide side of the waveguide inner wall. Plasma is mainly generated in a conical crucible-type alumina chamber. The conical end of the plasma chamber is made to be located in the opposite side of the waveguide and face with the coupling rod. The coupling rod is water cooled. The crucible plasma region is surrounded by an aluminium nitride(AlN) cover(shaped like a cap), and downstream plasma region is also by a tightly fitted aluminium(Al) jacket. Here, both surrounding structures are actively cooled by water again. Therefore, inside and outside of the waveguide, the plasma chamber can be efficiently cooled by the AlN cover and the Al jacket, respectively. It is worth noting that the microwave coupled to plasma region does not meet any obstacles like cooling media as previous surfaguide sources do. This is why the present source has efficient plasma generation. Coupling rod Conical
crucible-type alumina chamber Input gas (i.e. NF3 gas) Water input Water output WR340 waveguide Downstream plasma chamber Water cooled aluminum jacket Output of Dissociated gases (F, F2, N, N2) Plasma
Water line AlN cover
Fig. 1. A sectional view of the compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source. It was found that the generated plasma can be sustained from 1 kW of microwave power with 10 slm NF
3 gas. Typically, higher power gives brighter plasma generation and higher gas decomposition. The measured decomposition rate was ranged from 80 to 99 % with 1-3 kW. 9 223 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Retention and transmission of deuterium in tungsten on D-He mixture plasma
T. Hayashi 1 , T. Takimoto 1 , A. Tonegawa 1 , Y. Matsumura 1 , K. N. Sato 2 , K. Kawamura 1
P 1 P
P
P
Effects of deuterium ‘(D) retention and transmission properties in the tungsten (W) material on D-He mixture plasma have been investigated on a linear plasma device TPD-Sheet IV. Used as sample is ITER grade tungsten. Titanium (Ti) target was placed on the back side of W target to investigate the retention and transmission properties. The amount of D retention in W increases with increasing the pure D plasma flux. On the other hand, the amount of D retention in W is nearly constant with increasing the D-He plasma flux. At the same time, the amount of the D retention in Ti increases with increasing the D-He plasma flux. It was found that the incident flux of D-He mixture plasma effects on the transmission of D in W.
Tungsten (W) was chosen as a plasma-facing material in the ITER divertor region because of its high melting temperature, high thermal conductivity and low sputtering erosion yield. In the divertor, it is inflowing that hydrogen isotopes as fuel particles of unreacted besides helium ash. In the inflow to come a lot of fuel particles, there is also a fuel particles that result in accumulated and occluded in diverter material [1, 2].So it is important to understand the behavior of hydrogen isotopes in tungsten of the divertor wall material. In this study, we have performed the irradiation experiments using deuterium and helium mixed plasma in order to investigate the effect of deuterium retention and transmission properties in the tungsten material by helium.
The samples were exposed to plasma in the linear divertor plasma simulator TPD-Sheet IV at the Tokai University. Either D plasmas, or He mixed D (D + He) plasmas was used. Samples were positioned at the end of the plasma column. Used as sample is ITER grade tungsten in the form of square plate with the thickness 1mm, was annealed to adjust the crystal grain boundaries. The deuterium transmission property of the tungsten material was investigated by the titanium plate which is mounted behind the tungsten as deuterium storage materials. The ion density in the D-He mixture plasma was measured by the omegatron mass analyzer.
The retention property of deuterium with regards to the ion density ratio of helium is investigated. When
the gas flow rate of the helium is increased, amount of deuterium in tungsten did not change and the amount of deuterium in titanium increased. The retention property of deuterium with regards to incident flux is shown in Fig. 1. The amount of D retention in W increases with increasing the pure D plasma flux. On the other hand, the amount of D retention in W is nearly constant with increasing the D-He plasma flux. At the same time, the amount of the D retention in titanium increases with increasing the D-He plasma flux. It was found that the incident flux of D-He mixture plasma effects on the transmission of deuterium in tungsten.
Fig. 1. Retention property of D 2 regarding incident flux
[1] J. P. Roszell, et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials, 438 (2013) S1084-S1087. [2] R. Causey, et al., Journal of Nuclear Materials, 266-269 (1999) 467-471.
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XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Antibacterial and non-fouling Cu/C:F nanocomposites deposited onto poly(ether-ether-ketone) folis
A. Kuzminova 1 , J. Kratochvíl 1,2 , O. Kylián 1 , H. Langhansová 2 , J. Lieskovská 2 , J. Štěrba 2 ,
V. Straňák 2 , H. Biederman 1
1 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic 2 University od South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Science, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
The main aim of this study was investigation of antibacterial and biofouling properties of nanocomposites based on Cu nanoparticles produced by means of gas aggregation source of nanoparticles and embedded into hydrophobic fluorocarbon matrix deposited by low pressure RF magnetron sputtering. All biological tests were performed on nanocomposite coatings deposited on poly(ether-ether-ketone) foils used as substrate material. It is shown that such nanocomposites are capable to reduce by 5 orders of magnitude amount of E. Coli bacteria in solution within 6 hours of incubation as well as to maintain limited osteoblasts adhesion.
Nowadays, polymers are applied in numerous ranges of industries comprising for example food packaging, medicine, aerospace and etc. This is connected with their low cost and favourable bulk properties. One of the relatively new and high- performance polymers is poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) that is considered as promising candidate for replacing metal implant components. However, similarly to other common polymers, PEEK possesses low biocompatibility, which limits its broader use. Because of this various methods were investigated to improve its surface properties such as for instance plasma treatment performed with aim to tailor its surface energy and biofouling. Another issue that is in particular connected with body implants is possible colonization of their surfaces by bacteria that may lead to the formation of highly resistant biofilms and onset of infections. One possible strategy to lower probability of such undesirable events is coating of implants with antibacterial films. Probably the most studied antibacterial materials are the ones based on Ag nanoparticles. However, Ag at higher doses exhibit cytotoxicity and as it is readily accumulated in aquatic plants and animals its use appeared to represent serious environmental concerns. In this study, we therefore proposed to add antibacterial properties to PEEK foils by deposition of nanocomposites based on copper nanoparticles (NPs) embedded into a hydrophobic fluorocarbon matrix that in addition limits the adhesion of cells.
Produced coatings had two layer structure (Fig. 1). PEEK foils were initially seeded by Cu NPs deposited by a gas aggregation source of nanoparticles. The films of Cu NPs particles were subsequently overcoated by C:F layer deposited by RF magnetron sputtering of PTFE target. The samples were characterised from the point of view of their morphology (AFM, SEM), chemical composition (XPS) as well as with respect to their biofouling and antibacterial activity. For the later E. Coli bacteria were selected as reference microorganism and the biofouling of produced nanocomposites was tested using .osteoblast cells.
Fig. 1. Schematics of structure of prepared nanocomposites 3. Results Biological tests showed promising antibacterial activity of prepared Cu/C:F nanocomposites that caused progressive reduction of E. Coli bacteria with incubation time. Moreover, it was found that both thickness of C:F overcoat layer and amount of deposited Cu NPs influence kinetics of bacteria reduction: the decline of bacteria count was more pronounced with increasing amount of Cu NPs and decreasing thickness of the top C:F coatings. For the highest amount of Cu NPs and the smallest thickness of matrix material in the nanocomposite 5-log reduction of bacteria capable to form colonies was observed after 6 hours of incubation in the bacteria solution. In addition, all samples showed non- fouling character.
This work was supported by grant GACR 16- 14024S from the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic. 17 225
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Electron collision cross section set of C 2 F 4 gas
S. Kawaguchi 1 , K. Takahashi 1 , and K. Satoh 1
1 Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
Electron collision cross section set of perfluoroethylene (C 2 F 4 ) gas is proposed in this work. The proposed cross section set consists of an elastic collision, two kinds of vibrational excitation, ten kinds of electronic excitation, ten kinds of ionization, and seven kinds of electron attachment cross sections. Electron transport coefficients, such as electron drift velocity, effective ionization coefficient, and longitudinal diffusion coefficient, in C 2 F 4 gas and C 2 F
/Ar mixtures are calculated exactly by Monte Carlo simulation using the proposed cross section set, and those calculated transport coefficients are found to agree well with measured data. This confirms the reliability of the proposed cross section set.
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