On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 2. Cross sections and simulation conditions
- 3. Results and discussion
- 4. References
- Dusty Plasma Manipulation via Driving Voltage Waveform Tailoring in an RF discharge
- 2. PIC/MCC simulation results
- Evidence of the paracetamol’s aromatic ring breaking thanks to a non-thermal plasma
- References
- Combined electrical and optical diagnostics of surface discharges in high- voltage systems
- Research on Active Species Production Mechanism of an Atmospheric He-Water Plasma Jet
1. Introduction C 2 F 4 gas has attracted attention as a substitution of CF 4 and c-C 4 F 8 [1], which are used in the plasma etching of SiO 2 film and have high global warming potential. The electron collision cross section set of C 2 F 4 gas was reported by Yoshida et al. [2] However, the values of electron drift velocity, longitudinal diffusion coefficient, and effective ionization coefficient calculated from the cross section set do not necessarily agree with measured data [2, 3]. Three partial ionization cross sections are included in the cross section set, but electron attachment cross sections are not. Furthermore, ten kinds of partial ionization [4] and six kinds of dissociative electron attachment cross sections [5], which are not included in Yoshida’s s set, have been reported, so that these partial cross sections must be considered to increase the accuracy of cross section set. In this work, detailed and reliable cross section set of C
2 F 4 gas is proposed. The proposed cross section set includes the information on partial ionization and electron attachment cross sections obtained from the experiments [4, 5]. Electron transport coefficients in C 2
4 gas and C 2 F
/Ar mixtures are calculated exactly by our Monte Carlo simulation [6] and the reliability of the proposed cross section set is confirmed by comparing the calculated transport coefficients with the measured data [2, 3].
The proposed cross section set consists of an elastic collision q el , two vibrational excitation q vib , ten
electronic excitaion q ex , ten ionization q i , and seven electron attachment q a cross sections. The shape of q el
follows the data measured by Panajotovic et al. [7] For q vib
, two cross sections q v1 and q v2 , whose threshold energies are respectively 0.12 eV and 0.23 eV, are considered, based on measured electron energy loss spectra [7]. The shape of q v1 follows the integral cross section reported by Panajotovic et al. [7], and that of q v2 is estimated. For q ex , ten kinds of cross sections theoretically calculated by Winstead and McKoy [8] are used, but q ex for
1 B 1u (V) and the others are multiplied by factors of 1.7 and 0.6, respectively. For q i , partial cross sections related to the generation of C 2 F 4 + , C 2 F 3 + , C
2 F 2 + , C
2 F + , CF 3 + , CF 2 + , CF
+ , C
2 + , C + , and F
+ follow the data measured by Haaland and Jiao [4]. For electron attachment, the yield curves of F - , CF
- , F
2 - , CF 2 - , CF 3 - , and C 2 F 3 - by
electron collision with a C 2 F 4 molecule, measured by Illenberger et al. [5] are used as the shapes of q a , and those magnitudes are estimated. Furthermore, q a for the generation of C 2 F 4 - is added to fit calculated effective ionization coefficient to the measured data. For simulating the behaviour of electrons in C 2
4 /Ar mixtures, the cross section set of Ar recommended by the institute of electrical engineers of Japan [9] is used, and electron collisions with C 2 F
or Ar molecules are only considered. Reported differential cross sections [7, 10] are used to simulate electron scattering after the elastic collision with the C 2
4 molecule exactly, and isotropic electron scattering is assumed after the other collisions.
The calculated values of electron drift velocity W, effective ionization coefficient, and longitudinal diffusion coefficient in C 2 F
gas are found to agree with the measured data [2, 3]. Furthermore, good agreement on W in C 2 F 4 /Ar mixtures between calculated and measured data [3] is found. This confirms the reliability of the proposed set. 4. References
[1] S. Takahashi et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 (2005) L781. [2] K. Yoshida et al., J. Appl. Phys. 91 (2002) 2637. [3] A. N. Goyette et al., J. Chem. Phys. 114 (2001) 8932. [4] P. Haaland and C. Jiao, Air Force Research Laboratory Report, AFRL-PR-WP-TR-2001-2061 (2000). [5] E. Illenberger et al., J. Chem. Phys. 103 (1995) 1406. [6] S. Kawaguchi et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 55 (2016) 07LD03. [7] R. Panajotovic et al., J. Chem. Phys. 121 (2004) 4559. [8] C. Winstead and V. McKoy, J. Chem. Phys. 116 (2002) 1380. [9] Y. Sakai, Appl. Phys. Surf. Sci. 192 (2002) 327. [10] C. Winstead and V. McKoy, J. Chem. Phys. 122 (2005) 23404. Topic number: 01 226
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Dusty Plasma Manipulation via Driving Voltage Waveform Tailoring in an RF discharge
N.Kh. Bastykova 1 , Z. Donko 2 , S.K. Kodanova 1 , T.S. Ramazanov 1 ,
Zh.A. Moldabekov 1 , M.K. Dosbolayev 1
1
Farabi 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan 2 Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1525, Hungary
The effect of the excitation waveform on the plasma properties and the equilibrium position of dust particles are investigated by using harmonic and alternating-phase waveforms that may as well include an additional DC component. Considerable changes of the plasma properties (density, temperature) in the case of alternating-phase waveforms are found. The electron dynamics and the position of the dust particles can be controlled by the change of the driving voltage waveform and the specific electric field configuration allows controlling the position of dust particles in the plasma.
The manipulation of dusty plasma properties is of great interest both for the theoretical understanding of the fundamental characteristics of strongly coupled
systems and
for applications. A considerable progress has been made on the manipulation of dusty plasmas using lasers [1]–[2] and via modification of external electric and magnetic fields [3].
The discharge is described by particle-in-cell simulation incorporating Monte Carlo treatment of collision (PIC/MCC) processes [4]–[5]. We consider the following types of driving voltage waveforms (see Fig. 1), with an amplitude of ϕ 0 = 100 V: 1) harmonic RF voltage excitation: ϕ(t) = ϕ 0 sin[2π f RF t]; 2) excitation of the discharge with alternating phase of the driving voltage with an additional DC bias, ϕ(t) = ϕ 0 sin[2π f RF t + sin[2π(2 × f RF
DC ,
sin[2π(2 × f RF
DC is the additional dc voltage. In Fig. 2, the density profiles of the electrons and ions are shown for the three types of excitation waveform considered. The alternating-phase of the driving voltage leads to an increase of the electron and ion densities in the plasma due to the strong electron heating. The additional DC bias results in a decrease of the peak density and shifts the peak position of the density profiles toward the grounded electrode. Combination of the two methods (the phase modulation and additional DC bias) gives more flexibility in realizing a control of the spatial profiles of electron (ion) density (temperature) and the forces exerted on dust particles [6].
Fig1. Plasma excitation waveforms Fig2. Ion (thick lines) and electron (thin lines) density profiles for the different excitation waveforms considered .
[1] M. Bonitz, C. Henning, and D. Block, Rep. Prog. Phys., 73 (2010) 066501. [2] V. Nosenko and J. Goree, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (2015) 155004-1. [3] E. Thomas, Jr., B. Lynch, U. Konopka, et al, Phys. Plasmas, 22(2015) 030701. [4] Z. Donkó, Plasma Sour. Sci. Technol., 20 (2011) 024001.
[5] N. K. Bastykova, A. Zs. Kovács, et al., Contrib. Plasma Phys., 55(2015) 671. [6] N.Kh. Bastykova, Z. Donkó, S.K. Kodanova, et al IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, 44(2016) 545.
Topic number: 9 227 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Evidence of the paracetamol’s aromatic ring breaking thanks to a non-thermal plasma
Y. Baloul 1 , C. Colas 2,3 , O. Aubry 1 , H. Rabat 1 2 , D. Hong 1
1 P
P
P
3P
This study deals with the treatment of drug residue in aqueous media by using non-thermal plasma which may generate many oxidizing species, such as O, OH, O 3 , H 2 O 2 , etc. More precisely, paracetamol solution was treated in a plasma reactor with multiple needle-to-plate structure. The treated solution was analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry which allowed to determine with certainty several products, such as nitric acid and nitrate ion. But, further experiments, such as the use of labeled paracetamol, were necessary to identify other products like the dicarboxylic acid. The identification of this latter acid showed clearly that the non-thermal plasma enabled to break the paracetamol’s aromatic ring.
The advanced oxidation process using non- thermal plasma (NTP) is a promising technique for the treatment of drug residue in aqueous media [1- 2]. Indeed, many oxidizing species, such as O, OH, O 3 , H 2 O 2 , etc. are produced by the NTP depending on their experimental conditions. Our group works on the treatment of paracetamol (C 8
9 NO 2 ) in an aqueous medium by a NTP created in a multiple needle-to-plate reactor [3] and obtained about full degradation of paracetamol under specific conditions [4]. In order to determine the mechanisms of degradation, the treated solution was analyzed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) using a Q-TOF. Several products, such as nitric acid and nitrate ion, were easily determined with certainty, while others required further experiments as described partly in
this communication. In fact, this communication reports the identification of the dicarboxylic acid in treated solution, and so the evidence of the breaking of the aromatic ring of paracetamol by the NTP, through the investigation of the chemical species, of molecular mass of 199.0481, produced during the treatment. Indeed, the mass peak of high intensity at
corresponds to the ion having a condensed formula C 8
8 NO 5 - . A multitude of skeletal formulas can match the above condensed formula, but by taking into account the structure of paracetamol, only two of them are retained: tetraphenol which is an aromatic compound and dicarboxylic acid which has a broken aromatic ring. The skeletal formulas of these two latter spacies are shown in figure 2. In order to prove that the dicarboxylic acid was produced by plasma, labeled paracetamol with four Deuterium on aromatic ring was used during the degradation by NTP and studies have been made by HRMS and tandem MS technique. The details of these investigations will be presented at the conference.
Figure 1. mass spectrum of a paracetamol solution treated by plasma.
N H O O H O H OH OH
N H O HOOC HOOC
Figure 2. Tetraphenol and dicarboxylic acid skeletal formulas. References [1] B. R. Locke, M. Sato, P. Sunka, M, R. Hoffmann, J. S. Chang, Ind, Eng, Chem, Res, (2006), 45, 882–905 [2] M. Magureanu, D. Piroi, N. B. Mandache, V. David, A. Medvedovici, C. Bradu, V. I. Parvulescu, Water Res, (2011), 45, 3407–3416 [3] Y. Baloul, H. Rabat, D. Hong, S. Chuon, and O. Aubry, IJPEST, (2016), 10, 2, 102-107 [4] Y. Baloul, H. Rabat, C. Colas, B. Maunit, O.Aubry, D. Hong, HAKONE XV, September 11 th – 16 th , 2016, Brno, Czech Republic 17 228
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Combined electrical and optical diagnostics of surface discharges in high- voltage systems
R. Kozakov 1 P , M. Bogaczyk 1 P , S. Arumugam 2 , S. Gortschakow 1 P
1 Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, Greifswald, Germany 2 University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
Diagnostics of surface discharges in power apparatus during their initial stage is of great importance for the electric power generation and delivery system. The typical rise times of a single discharge event are of sub-nanosecond scale and represent a challenging task for measurements of the current pulse form due to signal distortion through the measuring circuit. In contrast to this, the optical signals do not suffer on the transmission line limitations and can be principally used for diagnostics. This work focusses on the precise measurements of both the electric current of an individual discharge and of its optical signal. It is shown that optical signals carry the same information as conventional electric methods, like e.g. phase resolved partial discharge diagrams.
Two circular glass plates covered on one side with transparent conducting ITO layer were put together in a polyacrylics (PA) housing, as shown in Fig. 1. The gap between glass and PA surfaces is about 0.5 mm. The voltage was supplied by copper rings contacted with the ITO layers. One is connected with the grounded electrode, the other one is connected to the high-voltage power supply.
Figure 1: Experimental setup.
Figure 2: Measured profiles of electric current (black) and optical signal (blue and red curves). Surface discharges could be observed in such arrangement, when a high voltage was applied (16 kV pp , 50 Hz). The electric current was measured with a current transducer CT-1. Optical signals were recorded with the help of a photomultiplier (PMT).
Typical measured profiles of the electric current and optical signal of a single discharge pulse are shown in Fig. 2. Three partially overlapping current pulses of a typical width of 20-50 ns can be identified. The corresponding optical signal exhibits widths of about 100-200 ns. For each current pulse, the apparent charge value was obtained by integration of the measured profile. Similar quantity
Figure 3: Correlation between charge transferred in single discharge and light intensity in the same discharge. was calculated for optical signals by integration of the profiles resulting in intensity. The light intensity-charge diagram is shown in Fig.3. Here, the electrical signals and the corresponding optical emissions of 4000 subsequent current pulses were recorded simultaneously. Several structures were observed in this diagram, which are characteristics for this type of discharge. A further improvement in the description of the electric current by an optical signal can be achieved by application of signal deconvolution based on known regularization algorithms (see red curve figure 2).
The work was supported by German ministry for Education and Research, grant FKZ 03SF0476.
Topic #6 229 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
J.J Liu P 1 P , X.G. Wang P 1 P , Z.Z Zhuo 1 P
P
P
P
Abstract: The active species (OH, O and H 2 O 2 ) in plasma play important role in bacterial killing and wound healing. Low gas temperature of plasma is another requirement while treating heat labile tissue. A DBD structured He-H 2 O plasma jet can effectively produce OH and H 2 O 2 with low gas temperature. In this paper, optical emission lines in plasma jet are measured, gas temperature, vibrational temperature, electron density and electron temperature are deduced from these lines. In conjunction with 2D neutral gas and 1D fluid model simulation, the production and loss mechanism of OH (A-X) is electron collisional dissociation and OH+OH→H 2 O 2 reaction. Meanwhile, H 2 O
production in saline solution indicates that the highest energy efficiency of H 2 O
production is achieved with He/H 2 O plasma jet in bullet mode when water vapor concentration is 1200ppm. 1. Introduction Atmospheric plasma has attracted lots of attention due to its wide applications in bio-medicine, material, environment and chemical engineering.[1] With the development of plasma medicine, liquid-containing plasma can not only realize blood and tissue coagulation, necrotic tissue removal and kidney stone elimination [2] based on its physical effect, but also achieve low temperature treatment on many diseases, such as: wound healing, chronic and acute injury, cancer and tumour [3] due to its excellent chemical function. Low temperature and abundant chemically reactive species are two main requirements for plasmas treating heat labile materials (live tissue, organic materials etc). A DBD structured He/H 2 O plasma jet can effectively produce OH and H 2 O 2 with low gas temperature. At present, some possible reactions to produce OH(A) and H 2 O 2 are
concluded, however, the main mechanism to produce OH(A)/ H
2 O 2 and the influence of plasma working mode and water vapour concentration on their generation are still not clear. It is generally regarded that the accurate measurements of electron density and electron temperature play key role on the analysis of reactive species production mechanism. In this paper, the main generation and loss mechanisms of OH(A) and H 2 O 2 will be found out by both experimental measurements of time-spatial distribution of OH(A) emission intensity, electron density and electron temperature and neutral gas/plasma fluid simulation at different working modes and water vapor concentrations. Download 9.74 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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