On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 5. References
- Numerical modelling of high-pressure arc discharges: matching LTE arc core with the electrodes
- Behaviour of a short electric arc between bus-bars electrodes: numerical and experimental study
- Measurements and kinetic computations of electron transport parameters in CO 2 in an extended E/N range
- 2. Experimental apparatus
- 5. References [1] I. Korolov, M. Vass, N. Kh. Bastykova and Z. Donkó, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87
2. Experimental setup The schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in 0. The powered electrode is a capillary needle with inner and outer diameter of 0.8mm and 1.2 mm, where as a copper ring electrode and a stainless steel plate electrode are connected to the ground. The frequency of the applied voltage is 20 kHz. The outer and inner diameters of the glass tube are 2mm and 1.3 mm respectively. The axial distances between different electrodes are shown in 0. The working gas is a helium and water vapor mixture which is realized by mixing two channels of helium flow, one being a dry helium (99.996%) and the other being helium flowing through a water bubbling system. The total gas flow rate is 4slm, and the water vapor concentration is controlled by adjusting the ratio of the dry (F dry
) and moist helium (F moist
) flow rates. The optical emission spectra are measured at the plasma contact point on the surface of stainless steel plate.
F IG .1
S CHEMATIC EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
3. References [1] K. Becker, A. Koutsospyros, S. M. Yin, C. Christodoulatos, N. Abramzon, J. C. Joaquin, G. Brelles-Marino, Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. 47( 2005) B513. [2] P. Sunka, Physics of Plasmas. 8 (2001) 2587. [3] M. G. Kong, G. Kroesen, G. Morfill, T. Nosenko, J. van Dijk, J. L. Zimmermann, New Journal of Physics. 11 (2009) 115012.
Topic number 230 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Simulation of prebiotic atmospheres by atmospheric pressure glow discharge generated in nitrogen-methane gas mixture
D. Trunec 1 , V. Mazankova 2 , L. Torokova P 2 , N. J. Mason 3
P 1 P
2 Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic 3 Department of Physical Sciences, Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
We studied chemical reactions in N 2 + CH
4 mixture initiated by DC glow discharge. This experiment was designed to mimic prebiotic atmospheres. The content of CH 4 was set to 2%, the total pressure was set to 101 kPa and the gas temperature to 300 K. The composition of products from these reactions was studied by GC-MS and FTIR. A kinetic model for reactions in this mixture was developed. The influence of CO 2 admixture to N 2 + CH
4 was also investigated experimentally and theoretically. It was assumed in the model that 2% of nitrogen was dissociated to nitrogen atoms in the ground state, the CH 4 was fully dissociated into 90% of CH 3 and 10% of CH 2
numerically for time from 0 to 10 s.
1. Introduction The gliding arc configuration of atmospheric pressure discharge has been shown to be a good mimic of processes in the prebiotic atmospheres [1]. The present work is focused on comparison of experimental data and data from kinetic model for chemical reactions in N 2 +CH 4 gas mixtures and admixture of the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from 1% to 3 %. The neutral products generated in the discharge were identified and quantified by the means of the Fourier-Transform-Infra-Red spectroscopy (FTIR) and by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS).
The experimental set-up was in detail described in our previous studies [1]. An atmospheric pressure DC glow discharge was created between two stainless steel electrodes separated by a 2 mm gap. The discharge was operated at an applied voltage of 350 V and discharge current in range from 15 to 40 mA in pure nitrogen with 1–5 % of CH 4 (both gases having quoted purity of 99.995 %) with admixture of 1 and 3 % of CO 2 at the total flow rate of 50 sccm. The flow rates of all gases through the reactor were regulated using mass flow controllers..
The kinetic model uses mainly the set of chemical reactions and their rate coefficients from Loison et al [2]. In our model 189 different particle types and 986 chemical reactions were taken into account. Also reactions with oxygen and oxygen containing species were involved in the model, although the calculations were performed firstly without any oxygen. The different initial conditions resulted in small changes in the product concen- trations, however, the main discrepancies between the model and experimental results were not solved.
The comparison of results from experiment and model is shown in Tab.1. The HCN concentration was calculated from the model in agreement with experimental data. The NH 3 concentration predicted by model is about three orders lower than in experiment. This can be caused by surface reactions which are not include in the model. When from 1 to 3% of CO 2 was added to N 2 +
CH 4 mixture, then only CO was detected additionally in the experiment and the production of HCN was increased. No other oxygen containing compounds were detected, however the model predicted creation of formaldehyde.
Tab. 1 Comparison of results from experiment and model. experiment (ppm) model (ppm) HCN
2000 1600
NH 3
1500 0.2
C 2 H 6
n/a 400 C 2 H 2 n/a 31
5. References [1]L. Torokova, J. Watson, F. Krcma, V. Mazankova, N. J. Mason, G. Horvath, S. Matejcik. Contrib. Plasm. Phys., 55 (2015) 470. [2] J. C. Loison, E. Hébrard, M. Dobrijevic, K. M. Hickson, F. Caralp, V. Hue, G. Gronoff, O. Venot, Y. Bénilan, Icarus, 247 (2015) 218. Topic number: 1 231
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Numerical modelling of high-pressure arc discharges: matching LTE arc core with the electrodes
M. Lisnyak 1 , M. D. Cunha 2,3 , J-M. Bauchire 1 , M.S. Benilov 2,3
1 GREMI, UMR 7344, Université d’Orléans, 14 Rue d'Issoudun, Orléans, 45067, France 2 Departamento de Física, FCEE, Universidade da Madeira, Largo do Município, 9000 Funchal, Portugal 3 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, IST, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Numerical simulations of electric arcs burning in high-pressure gases are commonly performed by means of a model in which the arc plasma is assumed to be in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). In this work, this model is supplemented with a self-consistent description of the interaction of the LTE arc bulk with the electrodes. This is done with the use of the equation of balance of energy in the non-equilibrium near-electrode layers that separate the LTE bulk from the electrodes. As an example, the developed model has been applied to a short free-burning arc in atmospheric- pressure argon in a wide range of arc currents, from 20 to 200 A. The simulation results have been compared with those from a model that does not rely on assumptions of thermal or ionization equilibrium in the bulk plasma, as well as with the experiment, and a good agreement was found.
Numerical modelling of high-pressure electric arcs is of high interest due to many industrial applications. The essential elements of the numerical models are interfaces separating the bulk plasma from the electrodes, which are supposed to provide a reasonably accurate description of the physics governing the plasma-electrode interaction.
interaction depends on the description of the bulk plasma being used. As far as the plasma-cathode interaction is concerned, self-consistent models exist for a fully non-equilibrium (NLTE) description and a two-temperature (2T) description, which takes into account different electron and heavy-particle temperatures but assumes ionization equilibrium. On the other hand, most works dedicated to simulation of high-pressure arc discharges employ the assumption of LTE. LTE models are significantly simpler than the NLTE and 2T models; their numerical realization is simpler, may rely on ready- to-use specialized software such as Equilibrium DC Discharge (sub)module of the Plasma module of commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics, and requires less computation resources. It is therefore highly desirable to develop a self-consistent method of matching solutions in the LTE bulk plasma and in the electrodes. A self-consistent matching of an LTE bulk plasma with a cathode, proposed in this work, is based on the balance of energy in the near-cathode non-equilibrium plasma layer, which comprises a quasi-neutral ionization layer and a space-charge sheath [1]. The matching of an LTE bulk plasma with an anode is based on the balance of energy in the near-anode layer and on a pre-computed value of the so-called anode heating voltage. The system of MHD equations is solved in the LTE bulk plasma. The heat conduction and current continuity equations are solved in the electrodes. Solutions in the different domains are matched through boundary conditions. The commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics is employed. As an example, simulation results are reported for the conditions of experiment [2]: a free-burning 1 cm-long atmospheric-pressure argon arc with a rode tungsten cathode and a plane copper anode, the arc current varying from 20 to 200 A. The effect of the cathode shape on the arc temperature has been investigated as well. The computed distributions of plasma parameters are compared with those obtained by means of the NLTE
approach [3].
The current-voltage characteristic of the arc is compared with the experiment [2]. In both cases, a good agreement has been found. The work at Université d’Orléans was supported by Zodiac aerospace and the work at Universidade da Madeira was supported by FCT of Portugal through the project Pest-OE/UID/FIS/50010/2013.
[1] M. S. Benilov and A. Marotta, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 28, no. 9, p. 1869, Sep. 1995. [2] N. K. Mitrofanov and S. M. Shkol’nik, Tech. Phys., vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 711–720, 2007 [3] M. Baeva, M. S. Benilov, N. A. Almeida, and D. Uhrlandt, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 49, no. 24, p. 245205, 2016. Topic 11 232
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Behaviour of a short electric arc between bus-bars electrodes: numerical and experimental study
Marina Lisnyak 1 , Moussa Chnani 2 2 , Jean-Marc Bauchire 1
1 GREMI, UMR 7344, Université d’Orléans, 14 Rue d'Issoudun, Orléans, 45067, France 2
The behaviour of the electric arcs between plane electrodes is in high interest due to their presence in industrial applications, such as low voltage circuit breakers. In this contribution, numerical simulations of an electric arc displacement are shown. The calculations are supported with experimental investigations. Magneto-hydrodynamic approach has been chosen for the arc description, while the plasma is assumed to be in local thermal equilibrium. The arc movement is realized by displacement of the electrodes attachments, which is determined experimentally. The calculations are performed using commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulation results have been compared with the experiment, and show similar arc behaviour.
Study of the electric arc displacement between bus-bar electrodes is of high interest due to many industrial applications, such as low voltage circuit breakers (CB) [1]–[3]. Understanding of the arc displacement behaviour helps to predict and control successful switching capability of the CB. The interest of the present work is to investigate similar phenomena in the context of its appearance in electrical networks of aircrafts, while an arc fault takes place. In this work, numerical simulations of the electric arc are performed and supported with the experimental investigations. System of magneto-hydrodynamic equations provides mathematical description of the electric arc phenomena, while the arc plasma is assumed to be in local thermal equilibrium (LTE). The complexity arises with the arc displacement description, while there is still no universally accepted opinion about the underlying mechanisms. Numerically the model has been realized using the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics®.
A three-dimensional modelling of a moving arc between the bus-bars electrodes is performed. The size of the calculation domain is 60x60x30mm, including the bus-bar electrodes (copper) and surrounding gas (argon at 1 atm). The electrodes have a length of 40 mm, a square cross section with 3x3 mm, and the gap between them is 20 mm. The arc is supplied with a DC current of 200 A and 4 ms duration. The initial values of a stationary arc with fixed positions have been used to obtain the time- dependent solution of the problem. The cathode attachment exists in spot mode, as the anode one, while the spot radius and the temperature is introduced in the model as fixed parameters. Arc displacement along the electrode is realized by displacement of the cathode and anode attachments with fixed velocity. The different arc behaviour is observed for different displacement velocities. The example of the simulation results is presented in figure 1 for the fixed arc displacement velocity 5 m/s.
Figure 1: Temperature evolution (K) of the arc plasma. The simulation results are supplied with the experimental investigations, which gives an estimation of the arc displacement velocity. High speed video-images of the arc emission have been compared with the computed arc temperature distributions and show similar arc behaviour.
[1] B. Swierczynski, J. J. Gonzalez, P. Teulet, P. Freton, and A. Gleizes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2004.
[2] M. Lindmayer, E. Marzahn, A. Mutzke, T. Ruther, and M. Springstubbe, IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol., 2006. [3] F. Yang et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, 2013.
Topic 11 233 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Topic number 1 Measurements and kinetic computations of electron transport parameters in CO 2 in an extended E/N range I. Korolov UP 1
, M.Vass P 1 P , D. Loffhagen P 2
, N. Pinhão 3 P , Z. Donkó 1 P 1 P
Sciences, 1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós str. 29-33, Hungary P
P
P
P
The transport coefficients of electrons (bulk drift velocity, longitudinal diffusion coefficient, and effective ionization frequency) in CO 2 have been measured under time-of-flight conditions over a wide range of the reduced electric field, 15 Td ≤ E/N ≤ 2660 Td, in a scanning drift tube apparatus. These parameters are compared to the results of previous experimental studies, as well as to results of solutions of the electron Boltzmann equation under different approximations and of Monte Carlo simulations. The experimental results extend the range of E/N in comparison with earlier studies. The computational results demonstrate the need for further improvement of the electron collision cross section data for CO 2 taking into account the present experimental data. 1. Introduction The reduction of CO 2 emission is one of the key challenges for the next decades. One of the solutions may be the recycling of CO 2 to produce hydrocarbon-based fuels, and non-thermal plas- ma technologies can contribute to this challenge. It is crucial, however, to improve our knowledge on the fundamental properties, in particular electron collision cross sections and the electron transport parameters. For this purpose swarm experiments play an important role.
We have developed [1] an experimental apparatus operating under time-of-flight (TOF) conditions to record “swarm maps” that show the spatio-temporal development of electron clouds. The bulk drift velocity W, longitudinal diffusion coefficient D
and effective ionization frequency υ eff , are obtained by fitting the experimental and theoretical forms of this electron swarm, assuming hydrodynamic conditions. From these data the effective (steady-state) Townsend ionization coefficient, α, can also be derived. 3. Numerical methods The experimental results are supplemented by numerical modelling and simulation. In addition to Monte Carlo simulation, three different methods have been applied to solve the electron Boltzmann equation: (i) a multiterm method for spatially homogeneous conditions, (ii) a multiterm method for spatially inhomogeneous conditions, and (iii) a density gradient representation of the electron velocity distribution function. The CO 2 cross sections available on LxCat [2] were used. 4. Results We found significant differences between the present and other published experimental data, with the numerical results for all cross section sets tested, demonstrating the need for further improvement of the CO 2 electron collision cross section data [3]. The figure below exemplifies these differences for D L .
[1] I. Korolov, M. Vass, N. Kh. Bastykova and Z. Donkó, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87 (2016) 063102 [2] http://www.lxcat.net [3] M. Vass I. Korolov, D. Loffhagen, N. Pinhão, Z. Donkó. Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. (in print)
:
This work was supported by OTKA/Hungary, via grant K105476, FCT/Portugal, under projects UID/FIS/50010/2013 and UID/FIS/PTDC/FIS-PLA/1420/2014 (PREMiERE). The studies were performed in the framework of the Collaborative Research Centre Transregio 24 ``Fundamentals of Complex Plasmas''. Measured values (symbols) of D L N in comparison with values computed (lines) using different cross sections sets [2]. 234
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