On phenomena in ionized gases
References [1] F.X.Bronold, H.Fehske, arXiv:1702.00644. [2] J.G. Eden et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41
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- Property of high-pressure Ar plasma induced by femtosecond laser
- 3. Experimental results and discussion
- Simulating Ignition and Development of Cathode Spots in Vacuum Arcs
- Observation of the spin polarization of 87 Rb atoms during collisions with oriented metastable helium atoms
- Enhancement of catalytic activity and stability during PPC for total oxidation of TCE in humid air over Fe-doped cryptomelane.
- Study of Turbulent Particle Transport in ETG Dominated Plasma of LVPD
References [1] F.X.Bronold, H.Fehske, arXiv:1702.00644. [2] J.G. Eden et al., IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41 (2013) 661. [3] M.K. Kulsreshath et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 45 (2012) 285202. 3 129
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Property of high-pressure Ar plasma induced by femtosecond laser
K. Tsuchida UPP , N. Tsuda PP , J. Yamada P
P
A femtosecond laser is focused at high-pressure Ar gas up to 100atm. An electron density and an electron temperature of are respectively measured at the focal spot. Dense plasma with an electron density of the order of 10 25 - 10 26 m -3 at focal spot is obtained.
The initial electron is produced by multiphoton ionization because the laser intensity at the focal spot reaches 10 13 W/cm 2 . The electron density is calculated by cascade ionization and two-electron three-body recombination. The calculated results under 10atm are lower than the experimental results, because this theoretical calculation does not include effect of multiphoton ionization.
1. Introduction When a nanosecond excimer laser was focused at high-pressure Ar gas up to 150atm, property of laser-induced plasma had been investigated. The laser intensity at the focal spot reached 10 11
W/cm 2 . An electron density at focal spot reached order of 10 26 - 10 27 m -3 [1], and an electron temperature reaches 10eV[2]. When high-pressure Ar gas up to 100atm is irradiated by femtosecond laser, electron density and electron temperature of laser induced plasma at the focal spot are respectively measured.
The experiment arrangement of electron density measurement is shown in Fig. 1. The titan sapphire femtosecond laser is operated with a single shot operation. A pulse half width is 100fs, a wavelength is 780nm and a laser energy reaches 100mJ. The laser power is controlled by the ND filter. Electron density is measured by Mach-Zender interferometer. The Ar-ion laser is used as a probe laser source. The peak time of interferometric signal is measured. It is difficult to find out a turning point of interferometric signal at which the electron density reaches a maximum. Therefore, the peak electron density is estimated by extrapolating the observed electron density up to the time at which laser pulse is terminated.
Dense plasma with an electron density of the order of 10 25 - 10 26 m -3 at focal spot is obtained. The theoretical calculation of electron density and experimental results are shown in Fig. 2. The initial electron is produced by multiphoton ionization because the laser intensity at the focal spot reaches 10 13 W/cm 2 . The electron density is calculated by cascade ionization and two-electron three-body recombination. The calculated results under 10atm are lower than the experimental results, because this theoretical calculation does not include effect of multiphoton ionization. We are planning to report the electron temperature at the focal spot in the conference.
Fig.1 Experimental arrangement
Fig.2 Electron density
[1] N.Tsuda, Y.Uchida, J.Yamada, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 36, Part 1, No.7B, (1997), pp.4690-4694.
[2] N.Tsuda, J.Yamada, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol. 38, No.6A, (1999), pp.3712-3715. 15
1.0E+24 1.0E+25
1.0E+26 1.0E+27
1.0E+28 1 10 100 El ect ro n d en si ty [m -3 ] Pressure[atm] Pulse width 100fs Focal spot radius 500μm Laser energy; Theoritical electron density, 50mJ; , 30mJ; ,20mJ; , 10mJ; ,5mJ; , Laser energy; Experimental electron density, 50mJ; , 30mJ; , 20mJ; , 10mJ; ,5mJ; , Atomic density Ar Ion Laser
Spectroscope PMT Mirror1
Mirror2 Splitter2 Splitter1 Chamber
ND Filter Oscilloscope Titan sapphire femtosecond Laser Ar 130
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Simulating Ignition and Development of Cathode Spots in Vacuum Arcs
H. T. C. Kaufmann P 1,2
P , U M. D. Cunha UP 1,2 P , M. S. Benilov P 1,2
P , W. Hartmann P 3
P 3 P,
P 1 P
P
P
P
A detailed numerical model of individual cathode spots in high-current vacuum arcs is developed with account of all the relevant mechanisms. The spot is ignited and a crater is formed on the cathode surface. A jet of liquid metal in the direction of the plasma is formed and in certain cases the jet may detach from the cathode surface. No microexplosions (thermal runaway) are observed.
A detailed numerical model of individual cathode spots in high-current vacuum arcs is developed. The model takes into account an “external” plasma (e.g., a plasma generated for arc triggering, a bulk background plasma, or a plasma cloud left over from a previous spot in the immediate vicinity) and the plasma produced due to ionization of the metal vapor emitted in the spot. Both kinds of plasma provide energy and momentum fluxes over the cathode surface. Ions from the external plasma enter the cathode space-charge sheath with Bohm's velocity and are accelerated in the direction of the cathode. The plasma produced in the spot is described by means of the model [1]. Melting of the cathode metal and motion of the melt are described by means of the heat conduction and Navier-Stokes equations.
All phases of life of an individual spot on copper cathodes with microprotrusions and planar cathodes, are investigated. The spot is ignited by the action of the external plasma, provided that this action is sufficiently strong and not too short-lived. The metal in the spot is melted and the melt is accelerated toward the periphery of the spot, the main driving force being the pressure exerted by incident ions. In this way, a crater is formed on the cathode surface (Fig. 1). A jet of liquid metal in the direction of the plasma may be formed as well and in certain cases the jet may detach from the cathode surface (Fig. 1b). Vaporization and/or electron emission, as well as the convective heat transfer, are dominant mechanisms of cooling of the spot and solidification of the metal. No microexplosions (thermal runaway) are observed. The results seem to be in stark contrast with the popular concept of explosive emission.
Fig. 1. Results of simulation for (a) cathode with a microprotrusion: solidification of the melt after extinction of the external plasma; and (b) planar cathode: formation of a jet and ejection of material occur after extinction of the external plasma. The colors denote the temperature distribution; the bar in K.
The work at Universidade da Madeira was supported in part by FCT of Portugal through the project Pest-OE/UID/FIS/50010/2013 and in part by Siemens AG.
[1] N.A. Almeida, M.S. Benilov, L.G. Benilova, W. Hartmann, N. Wenzel, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 41, 1938 (2013).
Topic 3 131 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Topic number 1 Observation of the spin polarization of 87 Rb atoms during collisions with oriented metastable helium atoms
Victor Kartoshkin, Sergei Dmitriev, Nikolai Dovator, George Klementiev Ioffe Institute, Politechnicheskaya 26, 194021 St-Petersburg, Russia In the experiment on optical orientation in gas discharge we are the first to experimentally observe a magnetic resonance signal of 5 2 S 1/2
87 Rb atoms by absorption of light from a helium lamp that was used to optically orient metastable 2 3 S
4 He atoms. The amplitude of the rubidium signal proved to be almost three orders of magnitude lower than the amplitude of the magnetic resonance of 2 3 S
He atoms. It is shown that the anomaly in the amplitude ratios of the observed MR signals can be explained by the unidirectional action of two different factors (the presence of a large nuclear spin of rubidium atoms and depolarization of rubidium atoms between collisions). The theoretical explanation of the effect is presented.
Optical orientation of atoms in gas discharge by polarized radiation is a powerful tool for obtaining spinpolarized atomic particles. Thus obtained polarized atomic particles have been used both to study various physical processes and for practical purposes.
Upon optical orientation of atoms in a Rb–He mixture under gas discharge conditions, polarization transfer between particles can occur in the following collisions: Rb(5
2 S 1/2 )↑ + He (2 3 S 1 )↓↓ → Rb + ( 4
1 S 0 ) + He(1 1 S 0 ) + e - ↓, (1)
Rb(5
2 S 1/2 ) ↑+ He (2 3 S 1 ) ↓↓ ↔ Rb(5 2 S
) ↓+ He (2 3 S 1 ) ↓↑, (2) Rb(5
2 S 1/2 ) ↑ + e - ↓ ↔ Rb(5 2 S 1/2 ) ↓ + e - ↑, (3) He (2
3 S 1 ) ↓↓ + e - ↑↔ He (2 3 S 1 ) ↓↑ + e - ↓, (4) Here, the arrow denotes conventionally the direction of the electron spin of the particle. As follows from (1)-(4), if the polarization transfer process between colliding particles involves the participation of metastable helium atoms, it is a result of collisional processes of two types-elastic and inelastic collisions. Thus, reactions (2)-(4) correspond to the elastic process, as a result of which the spin is transferred from one particle to the other, with the total momentum being preserved during collisions. At the same time, process (1) is an inelastic process. As a result of the collision of this type, the alkali atom is ionized (the Penning process) at the expense of the internal energy of the metastable helium atom (19.82 eV). As a result of collisions of this kind, the polarization is also transferred to an ensemble of alkali atoms. Previously in works on optical orientation of atoms in alkali–helium plasma, indirect optical orientation of metastable helium atoms and electrons have been observed in the case in which Rb atoms were optically oriented by resonant radiation of a rubidium lamp. It follows from reactions (1)–(4) that a pattern of this kind should also be observed in the case of an experiment in which metastable helium atoms are optically oriented in the 2 3 S
state, whereas the polarizations of rubidium atoms in the ground state and of electrons arise as a result of collisions with polarization transfer (by virtue of the symmetry of reactions (1)–(4) with respect to Rb and He atoms). However, experimentally, this has not been detected. This paper describes our successful attempt to observe magnetic resonance signals of polarized Rb.
Since the values of the nuclear and electron spins of the rubidium atom differ by tree times, upon the redistribution of the polarization between the electron and nuclear systems, the value of the electron polarization becomes considerably smaller compared to the polarization that was initially transferred upon collision. Subsequently, under the magnetic resonance conditions, the polarization of the hyperfine F level of the Rb atom is destroyed. In this case, a change in the electron polarization of the rubidium atom that the helium atom “senses” upon collision will also be small, since, as was noted above, the electron spin of the rubidium is considerably smaller than its nuclear spin. Therefore, as a result of these two processes, the change in the polarization transferred to rubidium will affect helium more than an order of magnitude more weakly than in the case in which both the registration and the pumping are performed using the light from the rubidium lamp. 132
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Enhancement of catalytic activity and stability during PPC for total oxidation of TCE in humid air over Fe-doped cryptomelane.
S. Sultana P 1 , N. Nuns 2 , P.Simon 2 , J.-M. Giraudon 2 P , J.-F. Lamonier 2 , N. De Geyter 1 , R. Morent 1
P 1 P
Plasma Technology, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Ghent, Belgium P
P
Cryptomelane catalyst K-OMS-2 of ideal formula K(Mn 7 IV Mn III )O 16 is modified with Fe doping and has been previously used as catalyst in post-plasma catalysis (PPC) in the course of total trichloroethylene (TCE) oxidation in moist air (RH=15%). It was shown that adding iron to cryptomelane allows a better functioning of catalyst, consequently, combining with plasma significantly enhanced the catalytic performances (at 150 o C). The issue we want to address herein is the effect of time on stream on the performance of Fe-doped cryptomelane in plasma assisted TCE oxidation. It is found that, next to enhanced catalyst activity, non-thermal plasma (NTP) remarkably improves the stability of the catalyst. A combined X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) study on the fresh and used catalysts is in progress.
The research of innovative technologies for VOC abatement is stimulated to accommodate the new stringent standards in terms of VOC emission. One emerging strategy is the coupling of 2 existing complementary technologies, namely here NTP and heterogeneous catalysis, to get a more efficient process for VOC removal in air. In this study it is shown that Fe-doped (by co- precipitation: Fe-KOMS-2 and by a successive Fe(OH)x (x = 2; 3) precipitation: Fe/KOMS-2) cryptomelanes with the assistance of NTP are efficient candidates for the abatement of TCE (highly toxic chlorinated VOC) in terms of activity, selectivity and stability. 2. Results and Discussion Our results shows that, initially Fe doped cryptomelane (solid red and green) (regardless the mode of Fe incorporation) exhibits excellent activity to
decompose TCE
compared to
cryptomelane itself (fig. 1). A maximum obtained value of TCE abatement after 6 min is as follows: Fe-KOMS-2 (75.5%) > Fe/KOMS-2 (48.5) > KOMS-2 (22.6%). However, with prolonged operation time, the abatement of TCE decreases. Clearly, this phenomenon indicates catalyst deactivation either by chlorination or by blocking the active sites. Nonetheless, both undoped and doped catalysts (dashed lines) used in a PPC process remain strongly capable to abate TCE. The TCE removal efficiencies of the PPC processes with Fe/KOMS-2 and KOMS-2 catalysts are not affected by time on stream indicating an excellent catalyst stability. When using the Fe-K-OMS-2 as catalyst, TCE abatement slightly reduces by time on stream, however, it is noteworthy to stress that still a constant abatement of 83% is observed during at least 30 minutes. 0 20
60 80 100 0 50 100 150 200
250 300
T C E A b at eme n t (%) Time on stream (min) PPC-K-OMS-2 PPC-Fe/K-OMS-2 PPC-Fe-K-OMS-2 KOMS-2
Fe/KOMS-2 Fe-KOMS-2
Figure 1: The effect of time on stream on the performance of the catalyst alone (150 o C) and PPC (150 o C and energy density 60 J/L) towards TCE removal for 3 catalysts.
These results prove that the combination of NTP with catalysts not only increases the catalytic activity but also allows to avoid, to some extent, the poisoning of catalytic sites resulting in an enhanced catalyst stability. In order to better understand the different surface processes occurring in the course of the total TCE oxidation in PPC experiments, a detailed XPS and ToF-SIMS study on the fresh and used catalysts is in progress. 17
133 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Study of Turbulent Particle Transport in ETG Dominated Plasma of LVPD
Prabhakar Srivastav P 1 P , Rameshwar Singh P 1 P , L. M. Awasthi P 1
, A.K. Sanyasi P 1 P, R. Singh 2 , and P K Kaw 1
P
P
P
P
In present work we are studied plasma particle flux due to correlated fluctuation of plasma density and potential fluctuation in the background of target plasma of Large Volume Plasma Device (LVPD). The target plasma of LVPD have been characterized as ETG dominated region, by introducing an Electron Energy Filter (EEF). Radial profiles of turbulent particle flux and density - potential cross phase has been measured. It is observed that the net electrostatic flux is negative and is directed radially inward. Turbulent particle flux is predominantly electrostatic in spite of electromagnetic nature of excited turbulence .
. The experimental cross phase angle and flux has been compared radially with theoretical counterparts resulting due to the non-adiabatic ion response because of the resonant interaction of the ions with the ETG mode, agrees well within 20%.
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