On phenomena in ionized gases
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2. Experiment A premixed burner was fixed on a dielectric base plate. The side of the flame was covered with a quartz tube. A 10-mm-high aluminium electrode was attached on the outside of the quartz tube, and it was connected to a high-voltage power supply with an oscillation frequency of 1 kHz. The burner was electrically grounded. Asymmetric DBD was produced inside the quartz tube and was superposed onto the bottom part of the flame using this experimental configuration. The image of the optical emission intensity of OH from the top part of the flame were captured using an ICCD camera. In addition, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging spectroscopy was employed to estimate the spatial distribution of the ground-state OH radical density. 3. Results and discussion Figure 1(a) shows the optical emission image of the top part of the flame in the absence of DBD, while we observed the optical emission images shown in Figs. 1(b)-1(k) in the presence of DBD at various phases of the applied voltage. We observed the temporal variation in the flame length in the presence of DBD. In addition, we observed the formation of local minimums in the axial distribution of the optical emission intensity. As illustrated by the oblique broken lines in the figure, the local minimums moved toward the upper side of the vertical direction at a constant speed. The propagation speed of the local minimums agreed well with the flow speed of the gas. The interval between the arrival times of the local minimums at the fixed position was approximately 0.18-0.2 ms, suggesting that the rates of combustion reactions become less efficient at the interval of 0.18-0.2 ms in the bottom part of the flame. The less efficient reactions may be caused by the overshooting of the rates of combustion reactions by the superposition of the pulsed plasma. Therefore, the interval of 0.18-0.2 ms could be understood as the eigenfrequency of the plasma-assisted combustion reaction system. Topic number 17 (a) w/o (b) 0 ms
(c) 0.1 ms (d) 0.2 ms (e) 0.3 ms (f) 0.4 ms (g) 0.5 ms (h) 0.6 ms (i) 0.7 ms (j) 0.8 ms (k) 0.9 ms h (mm)
68 96 77 (i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
(v) (vi)
Fig. 1 Optical emission images of the top part of the flame observed in the absence (a) and presence (b)-(k) of DBD 208
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Role of spectral region of discharge emission on initial electron generation for inducing surface discharge in air
Y. Kashiwagi P 1
P
P
P
The present study clarifies the spectral region of discharge emission that is effective for triggering surface discharge in air. Light emitted from a bulk discharge generated between two needle electrodes irradiates a dielectric plate between two additional electrodes, inducing surface discharge. By changing the cut-on wavelength of an optical filter placed between the needle electrodes and the dielectric plate, the range of wavelengths that effectively generates the initial electrons that trigger the surface discharge is measured. The triggering probabilities change abruptly between 112 nm and 125 nm (9.9 - 11 eV), where oxygen and nitrogen emission lines are located. Thus, these lines play an important role in triggering surface discharge under the conditions used.
Understanding the supply mechanisms of initial electrons is valuable knowledge because it is useful
for both practical application and inhibition of discharge. This report investigates which discharge emission wavelengths are effective for generating the initial electrons that induce surface discharge.
Figure 1 shows the experimental setup. Light emitted from a bulk discharge generated by needle electrode system Eb passes through an optical filter and irradiates the vicinity of an electrode Es, inducing surface discharge. The probabilities that the light emitted from the bulk discharge triggers surface discharge are measured for different filter cut-on wavelengths. The number of trials is 100 for each filter and the impulse voltage applied to Es is +30 kV, 0.7/80 µs.
The results are shown in Figure 2. In the cases of no filter (w/o) and a 112-nm filter (MgF 2 ), the
discharge probability is high. The probability rapidly decreases from 112 nm to 125 nm (CaF 2 ). Thus, the emission wavelengths of 112nm - 125 nm play an important role in triggering the surface discharge under the conditions used.
Several oxygen and nitrogen emission lines are located in this region [1]. Furthermore, the photoabsorption coefficient for O 2 in this range is relatively small only in several narrow regions [2]. Therefore, it is considered that the emission spectral lines between 112 nm and 125 nm (9.9 - 11 eV) play an important role in generating the initial electrons that lead to surface discharge in air. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. Surface discharge around Es is triggered by bulk discharge generated around Eb (perpendicular to the paper).
insulator plate by bulk discharge.
5. References [1] T. G. Rogers, et al., IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, 38, 10 (2010) 2764-2770 [2] K. Watanabe, et al., J. Chem. Phys. 21 (1953) 1026-1030 1
209 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Study on the Generation Rate of Chemical Reactive Species in Dielectric Barrier Discharge depending on External Flow Rate
Sangheum Eom, Sung-Young Yoon, Changho Yi, Hyeongwon Jeon, Seong Bong Kim, Suk Jae Yoo and Seungmin Ryu
P
The generations of chemical reactive species, such as O 3 and NO, were investigated in dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma depending on different external air flow rates. The generations of O 3
and NO are a function of gas temperature in the plasma volume and the gas temperature can be affected by the air flow. The generation rates of O 3 and NO were measured using gas analysers and the gas temperature is assumed from the temperatures of electrode. The gas flow distributions were visualized using background-oriented schlieren (BOS) as the external air flow rate varies from 0 to 20 lpm. As the air flow rate was increased, the generation rate of O 3 was increased from 0 to 3.61 mg/min. In the contrary, the generation rate of NO was decreased from 0.21 to 0 μg/min.
1. Introduction It is important to use appropriate chemical reactive species to obtain the effective results for specific applications. For example, O 3 has been explored for enhancement of agri-food preserving efficiency [1] and NO for prevention of agri-food ripening [2].
Figure 1. Experimental Set-up The experimental set-up for measurements of generation rate is described figure 1. The generation rates of O 3 and NO were measured by using the gas analysers depending on the variation of external air flow rates from 0 to 20 lpm. There are two method were performed to analysis of a correlation between the external air flow rate and gas temperature. Due to the limitation on the direct measurement of gas temperature in the plasma volume, the gas flow distributions were visualized by background-oriented schlieren (BOS) [3] and the temperatures of electrode were taken by IR camera.
The generation rates of O 3 and NO, temperatures of electrode and visualizations of gas flow depending on the different external air flow rate were depicted as shown in the figure 2(a), 2(b) and 3, respectively. As external air flow rate was increased, the generation rate of O 3 was increased from 0 to 3.61 mg/min. In the contrary, the generation rate of NO was decreased from 0.21 to 0 μg/min. 0 5 10 15 20 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 Species O 3 NO External Air Flow Rate (lpm) O 3 (mg/ min ) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 NO (
min ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Measured Postion Top Right Top Left Bottom Right Bottom Left T em p era tu re o f Electro d e (° C) External Air Flow Rate (lpm)
Figure 2. Generation rates of O 3 and NO (a) and temperature of electrodes (b)
Figure 3. Background-oriented schlieren images 4. Discussions In order to understand the influence of external air flow rates on the generation of O 3 and NO more precisely, follow-up research, such as simulation for numerical analysis, is needed. 5. Acknowledgement This work was supported by R&D Program of ‘Plasma Advanced Technology for Agriculture and Food (Plasma Farming)’ through the National Fusion Research Institute of Korea (NFRI) funded by the Government funds. 6. Reference [1] Horvitz S. and Cantalejo M. J., Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 54 (2014) 312–39 [2] Eum H. L., Lee E. J. and Hong S. J., Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 32 (2014) 666–72 [3] Hargather M. J. and Settles G. S., Hvac&R Res. 17 (2011) 771–80
17 210 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal Time-evolution of ONOO – concentration in the water treated with air plasma and its relationship to the production of OH radicals S. Miyamoto 1 , K. Nishimoto 1 , S. Imai 2 , T. Shirafuji 1 PP
Deparment of physical Electronics and Informatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan 2 Panasonic Corporation, Osaka, Japan P We measured time-evolution of the concentration of ONOO – together with that of OH, O 2 –
2 – , NO 3 – , and H 2 O 2 in the water treated with air plasma for 60 min. The concentration of ONOO– was less than detection limit for the first 15 min and detected at 30 min or later, where the concentration increased from 6 to 9 μM. The concentration of OH simultaneously increased at around 30 min. These characteristics indicate that OH is supplied not only directly from plasma but also indirectly through formation of ONOO–, which suggests possibility of sustained release of OH in water treated with air plasma. Saturation in the concentration of NO 2 – and steep decrease in the concentration of H 2 O 2 and O 2 – at around 30 min suggest that these species may play some roles to produce ONOO – .
Air-plasma treatment generates various RONS which include OH, O 2 –
– , NO
2 – , NO 3 – , and H 2 O 2 . Among them, ONOO – has a unique nature of relatively long lifetime of 1.9 s at physiological pH and release OH radicals during its decomposition reaction sequences [1]. This feature may be used to deliver short-lifetime (~ ns) OH radicals to remote locations from a plasma/liquid interface. Thus, we have measured ONOO – together with the other RONS to discuss reaction mechanisms. 2. Experimental Setup We treated deionized water using coaxial-type DBD, of which details have been reported elsewhere [2]. Treatment time was 60 min. We measured ONOO –
nitrative stress sensing pyrromethene dye (NiSPY-3, Goryokayaku, Japan) [3]. O 2 –
using ESR. NO 2 – and NO 3 – were measured ion chromatography. 3. Results and discussion Figure 1 show time-evolution in the concentration of measured RONS, ONOO – was not detected for the first 15 min, and appeared at 30 min or later. Its concentration increased from 6 to 9 μM for the last 30 min. OH radical appeared simultaneously at around 30 min. These characteristics clearly indicate that OH radicals can be supplied not only directly from plasma but also indirectly through formation of ONOO –
release of OH radicals in water treated with air plasma. Saturation in the concentration of NO 2 –
steep decrease in the concentration of H 2 O 2 and O
2 – suggest that these species may contribute to produce ONOO – . Acknowledgements This work was partly supported by JSPS MEXT KAKENHI Grant Numbers 15H03585 and 15K13391. References [1] J. S. Beckman et al, PNAS 87, 1620 (1990). [2] S. Imai et al, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 43, 2166 (2015).
[3] T. Ueno et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 10640 (2006).
17 Fig. 1 Concentration of RONS in water measured as a function of air-plasma treatment time.
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XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Optical wave microphone measurements on pressure waves emitted from plasma jets
F. Mitsugi P 1 P , U S. Kusumegi P 1 P , S. Aoqui P 2 P , T. Nakamiya P 3
, Y. Sonoda P 3 P , T. Kawasaki P 4
P 1 P
P
P
3 P
4 P
wave microphone technique and to analyse the frequency relationship between pressure waves and applied voltage waveform.
Plasma jets have been expected to be used in various applications such as biomedical usage. There have been many reports on electrical and optical measurements about plasma jets. One of the important observations from practical point of view on what plasma jets emit is pressure waves because pressure waves can directly influence on targets or penetrate into liquid, tissues, and so on. In this work, we utilized a fibered optical wave microphone, which works based on Fraunhofer diffraction of phase objects and improves upon a conventional optical wave microphone with regard to signal-to-noise ratio, to detect pressure waves generated inside He plasma jets with the electrode configuration of dielectric barrier discharge. The frequency of applied voltage dependence on the generation of pressure waves from plasma jets was investigated in different He gas flow rates. The distribution of pressure waves along radius direction of plasma jets at different distances downstream from the tip of the device was also discussed.
It was obvious from the optical wave microphone measurement that pressure waves are emitted from plasma jets. Figure 1. shows the detected signals of pressure waves and its intensity distribution inside plasma jets operated at frequency of 2.8 kHz and 7 L/min. of He gas. The position of a series of the measurements was 5 mm downstream from the tip of a glass tube. The width of the pressure waves in He jet was estimated to be approximately 3 mm which corresponded to that of plasma plume. The pressure waves were completely degenerated and some pressure changes such as turbulence was detected at 20 mm downstream from the tip although plasma jet can be observable clearly at the position.
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-5 0 5 10 15 20 O p ti ca l w a v e m ic ro p h o n e (m V ) Time (ms) -20
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-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 x 0 =1.5 mm 1.0 mm
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Fig. 1 Waveforms of detected pressure waves at different positions along radius direction. Plasma jets were operated at frequency of 2.8 kHz and 7 L/min. He gas.
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