On phenomena in ionized gases
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- 3. Acknowledgements
- Diagnostics of vicinity of thermal plasma jet by electric probes
- Acknowledgement
- Investigation of optical emission in the plume of the Advanced Plasma Source in argon-oxygen mixtures
- Acknowledgment
- Study on high flow rate F-radical generation by compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source for remote plasma cleaning process
- Dependence of electrode materials and gaseous in serpentine plasma for nano particles preparation
- Fine Structure of Ionisation Patterns and Confinement of Energetic Electrons in Asymmetric Capacitive Radio Frequency Discharges
2. Rod electrodes
As an example, computed values of the anode heating voltage are applied, jointly with the model of nonlinear surface heating for cathodes, to the modelling of interaction of arc plasmas with rod electrodes. A simple and free of empirical parameters model is developed, which is applicable to the anode and cathode dc regimes as well as ac regimes, provided no anode spots are present. The model is in good agreement in a wide range of conditions with the available experimental data.
The work was supported by FCT of Portugal through the project Pest-OE/UID/FIS/50010/2013.
[1] J. Mentel and J. Heberlein, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43, 023002 (2010). [2] N. A. Almeida, M. S. Benilov, U. Hechtfischer, G. V. Naidis, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 045210 (11pp), 2009. [3] I. L. Semenov, I. V. Krivtsun, and U. Reisgen, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 49, 105204 (2016). Topic 11 281
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Diagnostics of vicinity of thermal plasma jet by electric probes
O. Hurba 1,2 , M. Hrabovský 1
1 P
P
P
plasma jet generated by the torch with water/argon stabilized arc. Different operation modes of the plasma torch were studied. Dependence of properties of the plasma jet on arc electric current, and argon content in the plasma was investigated. The area 9 - 33 cm from the plasma torch was investigated. Floating potential and the extent of conducting area were determined form the measurements. Plasma temperature and the plasma resistance corresponding to measured probe signals were evaluated.
Thermal plasma jets generated in dc arc torches are used in a number of plasma processing applications like plasma spraying, waste treatment and gasification of organics, reforming of hydrocarbons, and plasma cutting and melting. In all these applications the plasma flow interacts with treated material which is introduced into the jet or plasma flow impinges material surface. The jet dimensions are determined by torch nozzle geometry and size, and by jet expansion in the space after plasma leaves the nozzle. The extent of region of plasma presence can be substantial larger than visible area of plasma jet. The presence of cold gas eddies inside the core of plasma jet, resulting from an entrainment of gas into plasma flow, has been well described [1]. However, little is known about possibility of ejection of plasma eddies from the jet into surrounding gas due to turbulences in the boundary between high velocity, low density plasma flow and steady colder gas surrounding the jet. Although the presence of plasma species around plasma jet can substantially influence interaction of treated material with plasma flow, the region surrounding plasma jet has not been sufficiently studied. In this paper, electrical single and double probes were used for the investigation of a region surrounding thermal plasma jet generated in hybrid water/argon plasma torch [2]. Figure 1 presents boundaries of conducting region around plasma jet for several arc currents and flow rates of argon.
modes with flow rate of Ar = 22 slm
Floating potential and the plasma temperature corresponding to the probe signals have been evaluated from results of measurements.
The authors gratefully acknowledge support of the Grant Agency of CR under the project number GA15-19444S. References [1] E. Pfender, Thin Solid Films, 238 (1994) 228- 241. [2] M. Hrabovsky, V. Kopecky, V. Sember, T. Kavka, O. Chumak, IEEE Trans. on Plasma Science, TPS0333, 2004. 11 282
XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Investigation of optical emission in the plume of the Advanced Plasma Source in argon-oxygen mixtures J. Harhausen P , J. Wauer, D. Loffhagen, P R. Foest
Plasma ion assisted deposition employing the Advanced Plasma Source (APS) is an important tool for the production of high precision optical interference coatings. Present efforts focus on radiance monitoring of the plasma plume of an APS by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) to provide the basis for an advanced plasma control. In this contribution the electron density, plasma potential and electron energy distribution function in Ar/O 2 mixtures are determined using a Langmuir probe. Moreover, results of the optical emission of various argon 2p – 1s transitions and of oxygen atoms at 777 and 844 nm are presented. The measured radiance is compared to results of collisional radiative modelling.
In various optical applications like imaging, metrology or laser technology, interference coatings are required to provide specific spectral properties e.g. for lenses, mirrors or beam splitters. Plasma ion assisted deposition (PIAD) is commonly used to produce such optical coatings [1]. The knowledge of plasma properties promotes the control of the deposition process
regarding accuracy and reproducibility.
EBG ~ 85 cm
~ 8 5 c m substrate- holder floating
APS- PSU
floating heater-
PSU V A (V , I ) D D + + - - spectrograph collimating optics
line of sight
Fig. 1: Scheme of the box coater equipped with plasma source (APS) and diagnostics (OES).
An industrial PIAD box coater using an APS plasma source serves as experimental environment and is equipped with additional diagnostics (Fig. 1). OES provides data on the spectral radiance, and a movable Langmuir probe allows the determination of the plasma potential and electron energy distribution function (EEDF) at different heights above the APS [2]. Figure 2 shows typical results for an EEDF in an argon/oxygen gas mixture as a function of the total energy E tot
demonstrating the non-local character of the EEDF. Fig 2: Measured EEDF in the plume of an argon oxygen plasma as a function of the total energy at various heights
In addition, the optical emission of various argon 2p – 1s lines and atomic oxygen lines (777 nm and 844 nm) near the plasma source was measured and the radiance was calculated. The measurements are related to results of a collisional radiative model of the plasma plume providing further possibilities to analyse the plasma properties and ultimately to control the plasma process at an elevated level.
This work was financially supported by BMBF under grant 13N13214.
[1] O. Stenzel et al., Appl. Opt. 56 (2017), C193. [2] J. Harhausen et al., Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 21 (2012) 035012. 14
283 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Study on high flow rate F-radical generation by compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source for remote plasma cleaning process
W. I. Choo PP , H. J. You H . UP
*
P Plasmas Technology Research Center, National Fusion Research Institute, Gunsan, Republic of Korea
In this study, cleaning process experiments using a F-radical generated from a compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source were carried out in a process chamber. This is why it is called remote plasma source cleaning. It is essential process of improving performance. For quick cleaning, it is necessary to generate more F-radicals. The cleaning processes for the various Si/SiO 2 /Si
3 N 4, were investigated by varying the various process parameters, such as the NF 3 Gas flow rate, process temperature, microwave power. Stable plasma have been maintained in conditions of high flow rate (1 ~ 10 slm of NF 3 ) at low microwave power (1 ~ 3 kW). We present the result of the species emitted during cleaning was monitored by residual gas analysis (RGA), and the observed in the pressure and etch rate. 1. Introduction A remote plasma source cleaning is used to clean residues of process steps using silicon in the semiconductor and display industry. And it is essential process of maintaining high throughput during the thin film deposition process and lowering the defect rate of refinement process and increasing productivity. Remote plasma source cleaning have been attempted and used by various methods using chemical reactions. The industry has moved from wet cleaning to in-situ plasma cleaning and, finally, to remote plasma cleaning. The first generation technology for remote plasma source cleaning used microwave and second generation of equipment used a toroidal RF plasma source. The third generation of equipment, also based on toroidal plasma technology, offers significant expansion in the process flow rate and pressure operating range, including the capability to operate on cleaning gases other than NF 3 . Existing microwave remote plasma source cleaning to require complicated set-up where was not sufficient. Due to these shortcomings the microwave type has been low preference. But it can be operated in a wide area (10 mTorr to 760 Torr), and in this area it has a plasma density of 10 8 ~ 10
15 ㎝
-3 . Also have high electron temperature in terms of electron temperature and is efficient in dissociation and radical generation of molecular flow. In this research, it is an improved structure than existing surfa-guide type surface wave plasma discharge tube. It is improvements have been made on the cooling and microwave transmission efficiency. So overcome the problem of capacity and no loss of electromagnetic waves.
2. Experimental The compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source is shown in Figure 1. F-radicals are generated by using the surface wave plasma source. The plasma is generated and continued by an electromagnetic wave electric filed formed into the waveguide. The apparatus of the cleaning system is shown in Figure 2. The decomposition rate of NF 3 was measured via RGA, and the pressure change before and after decomposition was investigated. Also, the observed in the etch rate of the sample. We intend to show the relationship of process temperature and substrate position to etch rate.
Fig 1. Structure of compact water-cooled surface wave plasma source
plasma source
14 284 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Dependence of electrode materials and gaseous in serpentine plasma for nano particles preparation
S. Aoqui P 1 P , F. Mitsugi P 2 P , H. Kawasaki 3 P
1 Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Sojo University 4-22-1 Ikeda, Nishi-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan 2 Graduate school of science and technology, Kumamoto University 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-Ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan 3 Department of Electrical & Electronics Eng., Sasebo National College of Tech., Okishin-machi 1-1, Sasebo, 857-117, Japan
Gliding arc discharge is attractive discharge system that can control electrical consumption power under atmospheric pressure. Regarding this discharge, we named serpentine plasma. This plasma does not satisfy thermionic emission condition, but there is much characteristic. This plasma generates particles in atmospheric pressure environment. We investigated preparation of nano particle using various gas and electrode materials on atmospheric serpentine plasma system.
Gliding arc discharge is attractive discharge system that can control consumption power under atmospheric pressure [1]. In our previous study, we showed that gliding arc discharge did not satisfy the requirements of normal arc discharge condition. In other words, the conditions of gliding arc discharge are not low voltage, high current. The gliding arc does not have thermionic emission condition in a fixed point on electrode. Depending on a shape of electrodes, gliding arc discharge may satisfy normal arc condition, but many cases are not so. In addition, it has been understood that the discharge strongly depended on a velocity of supplied gas. Therefore we named it ‘serpentine plasma’ as a name to distinguish from a normal arc discharge. Nano particles preparation using this atmospheric plasma was carried out. Also emission spectroscopy observation of plasma was carried out. We already confirmed that particles were generated in a vapour phase between the electrodes by a high-speed Infrared thermography. An image same as a visible region was got in an infrared region by the measurement of the interval that plasma maintained. Usually thermography does not enable plasma diagnoses because thermography observes the wavelength from 1µm to 1mm. Plasma does not often emit the infrared radiation of this wavelength area. This thing means that there were particles in the space between electrodes. We confirmed nano particles based on the electrode metallic element were generated in particular easily when only argon (Ar) was used for feeding gas in serpentine plasma.
We used for serpentine plasma system with UV assistance and equipment for observation of electrical properties and dynamic behaviour. Two electrodes, which are made of iron, graphite or aluminium, are 100 mm height knife edge-shaped and their shortest gap was 5 mm. The electrodes were set inside an acrylic chamber that has an outlet on the top for gas exhaust. An inlet for gas supply to the chamber was placed at the bottom and at the centre between two electrodes. Ar, He, CH 4 , CO 2
was used. The definition of discharge starting voltage in this work is the amplitude of applied voltage just before the start of discharge. Waveforms of applied voltage and discharge current were measured with a high-voltage probe and a current clamp, respectively. Both waveforms were captured with a digital oscilloscope. Time-resolved digital photographs for plasmas were recorded by a high-speed digital camera (Nobby Tech. Ltd., Phantom V.1210) with 10,000-100,000 fps with external trigger signal from a pulsed signal generator. Sampling of the particle to silicon substrate or stainless mesh which was installed in the gas exhaust aperture was carried out. The nano particles were analysed by Electron Beam 3D surface roughness analyzer (Elionix, ERA-8900FE).
Nano and micro size particles were confirmed on stainless steel mesh. However positive confirmation was not possible with silicon substrate. Flow rate of the gas was more than 10 l/min (maximum rate 50 l/min) therefore substrate heating will be necessary with a flat and smooth silicon substrate. Because gliding arc discharge system is extremely simple structure, and a power supply can apply it with a commercial power supply, low-cost nano particles preparation is enabled. 4. References [1] J. Sperka et al.
Materials Research Bulletin 54 (2014) 61–65
Topic No.14 285 XXXIII ICPIG, July 9-14, 2017, Estoril/Lisbon, Portugal
Fine Structure of Ionisation Patterns and Confinement of Energetic Electrons in Asymmetric Capacitive Radio Frequency Discharges
S. Wilczek P 1 , J. Trieschmann 1 , J. Schulze 1,2 , R. P. Brinkmann 1 , Z. Donkó 3 , T. Mussenbrock P 4
1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany 2 Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, USA 3 Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Budapest, Hungary 4 Electrodynamics and Physical Electronics Group, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany
Geometrically asymmetric capacitively coupled radio frequency discharges (CCRF) are investigated by Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations. At low pressures, CCRF discharges promote strongly nonlinear dynamics and nonlinear electron resonance heating (NERH) is important. During sheath expansion, multiple electron beams are accelerated into the plasma bulk, which support the ionization process and frequently lead to the excitation of the plasma series resonance (PSR). At small gap sizes and low pressures, some of these beam electrons can reach the opposing sheath at different temporal phases without any collisions. Especially during sheath collapse, the confinement of these energetic electrons is inefficient, which influences the complete discharge.
Low pressure capacitively coupled radio frequency (CCRF) discharges are operated in a strongly non- local regime. In geometrically asymmetric discharges assuming cylindrical or spherical symmetry, the two opposing plasma sheaths (Fig.1: white lines) exhibit different nonlinear dynamics, e.g. in the sheath width and the sheath potential. The dynamics of such a geometrically asymmetric CCRF discharge are investigated by means of 1d3v Particle-In-Cell simulations. A spherical grid is implemented to obtain the geometrical asymmetry (including a DC self-bias). Cross-sections for electron-argon (elastic, excitation, ionization) and ion-argon (isotropic and backward elastic scattering) collisions are taken from the Phelps JILA database. Most of the RF power is coupled into the plasma near the sheath at the driven electrode (situated at r = 20 mm). During sheath expansion (Fig.1: 10 < t < 25 ns), a bunch of energetic electrons is accelerated into the bulk region and undergo different scenarios. First, they collectively interact with bulk electrons and excite plasma oscillations (e.g. PSR). That is, cold bulk electrons are attracted back to the expanding sheath, which generates harmonics in the RF current. This process leads to the acceleration of multiple successive electron beams the number of which depends on the timescale of the local plasma frequency and the time of sheath expansion. Second, these multiple electron beams have enough energy to ionize the neutral gas, which is important to sustain the plasma. The color map plot of Figure 1 shows the spatio-temporal result of a very fine ionization pattern in an argon gas with an ionization threshold of 15.7 eV. This structure similarly represents the dynamics of all
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