On the one hand

>*

_/J

'led
■/led
Jo_have\ been being ,led

8-
a

■voice-

_k
to be being led
to beleadtjrg
To be being led and to have been being led are rarely used (see John Mill ington-Ward. Pecularitiesin English. L., 1957, p. 250)
¹ See different definitions of a grammatical category A. M. C m h p-H H H K H ft. CHHTaKcuc aHrviHHCKoro H3HKa. M., 1957, p. 29; B. H. }K h-
24

Here each category is represented by four opposemes.
The structure of an English verb lexeme containing oppo­semes of seven categories is so complicated that it is next to impossible to, present it on paper.
§ 25. All the words of a lexeme, both synthetic and ana­lytical, are, as defined (§ 19), united by the same lexical meanings.
Historically the analytical words have developed from combinations of two (or more) words. But the lexical meaning of only one word has been preserved, so that instead of be­longing to two (or more) different lexemes the combination functions as a word of one lexeme.
We cannot agree with A. I. Smirnitsky that is and has in the analytical words is written, has written contain some weak lexical meanings ¹. If it were so, writes — is written, writes — has written could not be regarded as grammatical opposemes, or as words of the same lexeme:- they would differ lexically.
§ 26. Analytical words are closely connected with synthet­ic ones.

1. 
   The very existence of analytical words depends on their correlation with synthetic words of the same lexeme ². This makes all the difference between the analytical word is written and the combination is afraid. The opposeme writes — is written stamps is written as a word of the same lexeme to which the synthetic word writes belongs. Is afraid, am afraid, are afraid, was afraid, etc. have no synthetic opposites. Hence they are not analytical words, but combinations of words.
   
2. 
   Analytical words comprise synthetic words. Thus, the analytical form has prepared "consists of two synthetic forms: has (cf. had) and prepared (cf. prepare).
   

Hence it is clear that synthetic words play a very important role in the language.
ra^flo, H. n. H B.a h o b a, A. Jl. H o 4> ii k , op. cit., p. 9; JI. C. Bapxy^apoB, J\. A. Ill t e n h h r, op. cit., p. 211.
¹ See A. H. C m h p h h u k h h. MopcpoJiorM aHiviHftcKoro asbiKa.
M., 1959, p. 66.
² See A. H. C m h p h h a k h ft'. MopcpcuorHfl aHranftcKoro H3wip. 70.
25
§ 27. The means employed in English to distinguish the words of a lexeme are similar to those used to distinguish the stems of different lexemes. The chief of them are: affixation, sound interchange and suppletivity.
The words play and plays are related by affixation: the word plays differs from the word play in having the affix, more exactly suffix, -s added to the stem of the lexeme. The stems speak- and speaker- are also related by affixation.
The words foot and feet are related by sound interchange, more exactly by vowel interchange (or internal inflection, see §. 11). The stems full- and fill- are also related by vowel interchange. The steins speech- and speak- are related by con­sonant interchange. Different stems may contain the same root, e. g. compose, dispose, oppose, propose. Usually, however, there are different roots in different stems, e. g. replace, discover, forgive. But it is unusual for words of the same lexeme to have different roots, e. g. / ■—me, go_— went. This unusual phenomenon is called suppletivity.