On theoretical aspects of english language

For example. the primary meaning of the word «fox» is Jinca, лиса, лисица (тулки урғочиси) but such meanings of this word as лисий пух (тулки жуни), nepвокурсник (биринчи курс стyденти) are secondary meanings. Here are other examples: eye the primary meaning is глаз (кўз), secondary is взгляд (нигоҳ), глазок в двери (эшикдаги кўрадиган тешик), ушко иголки (игна кўзи), петельки (тугма тақиладиган тешик); «father» — the primary meaning is отец (oтa), secondary is старейший член (ёши улуғ аъзо), родоначальник (қабила бошлиғи), духовный отей (диний одам, рухоний) etc

«fish» — the primary meaning is рыба (балиқ), secondary is нахал, наглей

(сурбет),
Synchronic study of word meaning words having one meaning are called monosemantic. Polysemy is the result of one process of the acqumilation of meanings. The principal cause of polysemy according to Vinogradov's theory is discrepancy between the limited number of words and the unlimited number of things meant.

1. 
   Frequancy value. The more often a word is used the more meanings it has. For example. Man, hand, take, see are very often used in speech and they have many meanings.
   
2. 
   Syllabic structure of words. The shorter a word is the more meanings it has. The more simple morphological structure a word has, the more meanings it has. For example. Man, woman, table, cat, head, hand etc.
   
3. 
   Stylistic reference of words A word stylistically neutral having no emotive charge has more meanings while a word with a narrow stylistic reference and has less meanings. Father- daddy, a horse- steed, girl- girlie
   

From diachronical point of view were distinguished: primary meaning and secondary meaning. From synchronical point of view we distinguish between the central meaning and marginal meaning. Central meaning is the most generalized meaning. This is clear to us without any context. Marginal meanings are semantically connected with the central meaning, and they as if group around it.

Synchronically polysemy is understood as the coexistence of various meanings of the word at a certain historical period of the development of English. Synchronicaliy the main problem of polysemy is to establish whether all the meanings of a word are equally important. We divide the meanings of a word into two: the major (or basic) meaning of a word and the minor meaning. In most cases the surrounding context points out quite clearly which of the meanings of a word is intended