Ortiqova Adiba

Ortiqova Adiba
Group 19
Linguistics (English)
Task Final
11 variant

What is concept? What is the structure of the concept? What structure of the concept proposed by scholars do you think is the most appropriate for the analysis? Justify your ideas with examples

The notion of knowledge structures.
Identify the type of knowledge structures used in the following fragments of the text
1.Madame Chalon, at forty, fitted no category of murderers; she was neither Cleopatra nor beldame. A Minerva of a woman, he told himself instantly (Donnel, Recipe for Murder)
2. The prodigal has returned he said. We will not fail to kill the fatted calf (Maugham, The Making of a Saint).
3.That Debora who sent me as a child to Golgotha was a precise machine with words (Steinbeck, The Winter of Our Discontent).
4. Membury comes too, a grinning, loping Caesar dwarfing his Antony, hauling on his ear, dreaming of fish and smiling at the wrong people (Le Care, A Perfect Spy).
Frame and its structure. Give the analysis of the frame At dentist”

Answers
1. Concept is regarded as a synonym of Notion , but the notion of concept is differentiate from " notion and meaning " . Because concept is more complex than notion. Concept is richer and semantically deeper than notion . Concept is a mental unit . It able to actualize a set of different attributes. Concept represents knowledge structure and multifold cognitive structure. So by concept we can understand the meanings of words clearly. In our mind, many fragments of reality are presented by images; many things can come in his view and be seen and understood without a special designation to him. Whole episodes unrelated to language often emerge in our memory. We represent it by concept. Because concept is a part of our general knowledge about the world. Concept is expressed by words, derivatives, phraseological units, proverbs, aphorisms. Concept is multifold mental structure. Many researchers distinguished concept structure.

For example. You. S.Stepanov, R.M.Frumkina , Z.D Popova ,I A. SterninBut the concept structure proposed by V.I Karasik ,G .Slyshkin, S.G Vorkachyov is the most appropriate for the analysis.
It consist of three constituents . The first is notional . The basic, essential and distinctive features of the concept The second is image-bearing .Metaphors based on the principle of analogy The third is evaluative . Evaluation and the behavioral norms, axiological and cultural aspects of the concept.
The example of the structure of concept.
1.HOME - 1 .PLACE WHERE YOU LIVE .2 Family : the place where a child lived with his or her family. 3. WHERE YOU CAME FROM/BELONG. 4. YOUR COUNTRY.
2.Family – 1) a basic social unit consisting of parents and their children, considered as a group, whether dwelling together or not: the traditional family; a social unit consisting of one or more adults together with the children they care for: a single-parent family; 2) the spouse and children of one person; 3) any group of persons closely related by blood, as parents, children, uncles, aunts, and cousins; 4) all those persons considered as descendants of a common progenitor; 5) a group of persons who form a household under one head, including parents, children, and servants .

2 .When we hear or tell one word we understand it's basic meaning., but words have additional meanings. We distinguishe these meanings by our world experience. In our mind knowledge interacts with new incoming information and produce schemas. Because these words interrelated with each other . So Knowledge structure is encyclopedic knowledge . And It represent certain blocks of knowledge. Words contains a wide range of notions ,events and associations based on human experiences. One simple word represents a very complex conceptual structure. Knowledge structure consists of derivatives and compound words . Phraseological units can be subdivided into specific groups representing religious, mythological, literary, historical knowledge structures.

1.Madame Chalon, at forty, fitted no category of murderers; she was neither Cleopatra nor beldame. A Minerva of a woman, he told himself instantly (Donnel, Recipe for Murder)
This belongs to the Historical knowledge structure. Because the word Cleopatra associated with history . Cleopatra was queen of Egypt .
2. The prodigal has returned he said. We will not fail to kill the fatted calf (Maugham, The Making of a Saint).
This belongs to the Religious knowledge structure. Because the word prodigal In the Biblical parable of the Prodigal Son, a son receives his inheritance and travels to a distant country, wastes all his money in wild extravagance, becomes desperately poor, returns to his father, and is received with open arms.
3.That Debora who sent me as a child to Golgotha was a precise machine with words (Steinbeck, The Winter of Our Discontent).
This belongs to the Religious knowledge structure. Because the word Golgotha is a hill near Jerusalem where Jesus was crucified; Calvary. a place of suffering or sacrifice. a place of burial.
4. Membury comes too, a grinning, loping Caesar dwarfing his Antony, hauling on his ear, dreaming of fish and smiling at the wrong people (Le Carre, A Perfect Spy).
This belongs to the Historical knowledge structure. Because the word Caesar belongs to historical name . Caesar Augustus (63 BC – 14 AD) was the first Roman emperor and one of the most successful. He reigned for 45 years and was ruling at the time of Jesus Christ's birth.

3.In light of knowledge is complex hierarchical system and cognitive model of presenting information. The meaning of the a particular linguistic unit can not be understood independently. So we represent our knowledge by stereotyped situation. It allows us to understand the meaning by giving background information.

We call it " FRAME"
Frame semantics is elaborated by Ch. FILLMORE .
Frame represent information, human experience , hierarchical structure linguistic data. Frame consists of groups of related words and concepts.
There are two levels of frame . The first is the upper level and the second is lower level.
The main part of frame is the upper level .
The branches of the upper level are the lower levels .
They are not independent , because They are interrelated to each other . Together give us clear understanding of any information.
There are also different types of frames . They are frame - structures for denoting notions and objects, frame roles, frames -scenario, frame situations.
the analysis of the frame At dentist”
At the dentist
/ / \ \

Participants - DENTIST - open your mouth, pushing, dry mouth. PATIENT - terrified, uh uh , sore gums,mouth sores,bad breath. RECEPTIONIST- to do the lists of patients.

Presituation- painful , Keeping your teeth healthy- floss , brush , clean .
Postsituation - Problems with teeth - cavity,decay,gingivitis,plaque, toothache. MEDICINES - anesthesia, aspirin. CURE -dental x-ray,dental check-up,implant,extract,dentures, braces, teeth cleaning.
PLACE - RECEPTION ROOM, dentist room , x -ray room.
AIMS- recovery .