Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
The Prospective Association of General and Central
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- Abstract OBJECTIVE
- Overweight And Obesity Among Iranian Female Adolescents In Rasht: More Overweight In The Lower Social Group.
- DESIGN
- Obesity and Dyslipidemia among Young General Physicians in Iran.
- Abstract BACKGROUND
- MATERIALS AND METHODS
- Correlation of Dyslipidemia with Waist to Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Iranian Adults.
- Associa on of Body Mass Index and Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the Beta3-Adrenoreceptor Gene and Leptin Level in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.
The Prospective Association of General and Central Obesity Variables with Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Adults, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Hadaegh F, Zabetian A, Harati H, Azizi F. Endocrine Research Center, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Abstract OBJECTIVE: To investigate which anthropometric index is the best predictor of diabetes in relation to age. METHODS: In this longitudinal study 4479 non-diabetic men and women aged > or =20 years were followed for 3.6 years. Diabetes with its risk factors and obesity were defined according to the ADA and the WHO criteria, respectively. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ra o (OR) of developing diabetes in model 1 including only the anthropometric measure and in model 2 adjusted for common diabetes risk factors and in model 3 adjusted for other anthropometric indices plus all the variables in model 2. RESULTS: A total of 166 new cases of type 2 diabetes were diagnosed. In subjects aged <60 years general obesity and high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) predicted diabetes in all three models with OR of 2.4 and 2.6 in model 3, respectively, while high waist circumference (WC) lost it association with diabetes in the full model. In subjects aged > or =60 years, however, high WC was the only independent predictor of diabetes in model 3 with OR of 3.8 while high WHR and general obesity predicted diabetes in models 1 and 2, respec vely. CONCLUSION: General obesity and high WHR in Iranian subjects aged <60 years and high WC in older ones are the important predictors of type 2 diabetes.
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Eur J Pediatr. 2007 May;166(5):453-4. Epub 2006 Oct 17. Prevalence of Asthma Related to BMI in Adolescents in Tehran, Iran, 2004-2005. Bidad K, Anari S, Aghamohammadi A, Pourpak Z, Moayeri H. Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No 62, Dr Gharib st, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran. kbidad@razi.tums.ac.ir
Both asthma and obesity have become more common in affluent societies during the recent decades, and several studies have shown a correlation between the presence of asthma and obesity.
Public Health Nutr. 2007 May;10(5):450-3. Overweight And Obesity Among Iranian Female Adolescents In Rasht: More Overweight In The Lower Social Group. Maddah M. Department of Human Nutrition, School of Public Health, Guilan University of
Medical Sciences, PO Box
41635-3197, Rasht,
Iran. maddahm@yahoo.com Abstract OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of overweight and obesity among Iranian adolescent girls aged 14-17 years and its possible associa on with maternal educa on in Rasht city in 2005.
selected schoolgirls were studied. Data on age and mother's years of schooling were collected by questionnaire and body weight and height were measured. Overweight and obesity were defined using age- and sex- specific body mass index (BMI) cut-off points proposed by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and compared with 85th and 95th BMI percentile curves of the IOTF reference population, respectively. Data analyses
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included two groups based on mother's years of schooling: less educated ( < 12 years) and more educated ( > or = 12 years). RESULTS: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity in this popula on was 21.9 and 5.3%, respec vely. Results of logis c regression analysis showed that the risk of overweight was higher for lower age group (odds ra o = 2.0, 95% confidence interval 0.18-3.09). Overweight was more common in girls with less educated mothers than in girls with more educated mothers (26.0 vs. 19.8%, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that overweight is highly prevalent among adolescent girls, especially in lower social groups in Rasht, and the rate is exceeding those reported in other parts of the country. Preventive strategies need to be adopted to combat the epidemic of overweight and obesity in this population.
Int J Cardiol. 2007 May 16;118(1):111-2. Epub 2006 Aug 28. Obesity and Dyslipidemia among Young General Physicians in Iran. Maddah M. Abstract This study describes overweight, obesity and dyslipidemia in young general physicians aged 26-40 years in Rasht City, northern Iran. A random sample of 272 physicians (137 men and 135 women) was studied. Data on age, body weight, height and original weight were collected; and blood lipid levels were measured. The findings showed that the prevalence of overweight/obesity among men and women were 54.5% and 13.3% respectively. High serum LDL-c levels (54.5%) and low serum level of HDL-c (66.7%) was the main feature of dyslipidemia in the study men and women, respectively. These data showed that overweight and blood lipid abnormality is highly prevalent in this group of young physicians. The increasing prevalence of obesity in the Iranian medical professions is a cause for concern.
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Int J Obes (Lond). 2007 Apr;31(4):713-7. Epub 2006 Sep 12. An Open-Label Pilot Study of the Combination Therapy of Metformin and Fluoxetine for Weight Reduction. Dastjerdi MS, Kazemi F, Najafian A, Mohammady M, Aminorroaya A, Amini M. Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Endocrine & Metabolism Research Center, Sedigheh Tahereh Medical Research Complex, Isfahan, Iran. siavash@med.mui.ac.ir Abstract BACKGROUND: Obesity is a very important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthri s, fa y liver, metabolic syndrome and respiratory problems. Many weight-reducing drugs cannot be used in obese patients because of numerous complications. Fluoxetine, an antidepressant, and metformin, an antidiabetic drug, reduce weight as their side effect, but the potency of each drug is not always enough. Here, we studied the effects of combination therapy of them for weight reduction in obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was designed as an open, prospective, controlled clinical trial. Obese and overweight patients referred to obesity clinics were first put under a diet and behavior therapy education program before being invited to this study. The patients who accepted drug therapy were put in the case group. Those who did not accept drug therapy were put in the control group. Fluoxe ne, 20 mg daily, and metformin, 500 mg three mes daily, were prescribed to the participants. Weight and body mass index (BMI) changes within case and control groups were analyzed by paired t-tests and between groups by t- testing. Side effects were evaluated by interview and questionnaire.
clinics. Of these, 177 were female with 91 being volunteers for this study. Of this 91, 66 were in the case group and 25 in the control group.
a 3.43 U decrease in BMI (10.14%) were observed in par cipants of the case group that was sta s cally significant (P<0.0001). The par cipants of the control group were followed for a mean period of 8.12 months. In this period, the par cipants of the control group showed a 0.48 kg decrease in weight (0.52%) and a 0.11 U decrease in BMI (0.42%). This was not significant. No serious side effects of the drugs were observed in the case group.
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CONCLUSION: This open-label pilot study of combination therapy of metformin and fluoxetine gave encouraging weight reduction, and these results suggest the need for a randomized double-blind clinical trial comparing the two components and the combination to placebo.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Apr;61(4):478-82. Epub 2006 Oct 25. Comparison between Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and Body Mass Index Methods in Determination of Obesity Prevalence in Ahvazi Women. Amani R. Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundi-Shapour University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. rezaamani@hotmail.com Abstract BACKGROUND: Obesity has an increasing trend worldwide. Recently, application of body mass index (BMI) cutoff points of obesity classification for all population studies has been questioned. On the other hand, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a safe, accurate, reliable and inexpensive method for screening the overweight and obesity in such studies. OBJECTIVES: There were three objectives followed in this research: to determine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in married women using BMI and BIA methods; to evaluate the correlation between these methods; and to compare the women's obesity degrees according to their educational levels.
years aged, who had referred to 14 health centers of the city of Ahvaz (center of Khouzestan province, south-west of Iran) were recruited in a cross-sectional design, and their socio-economic and anthropometric questionnaires were completed by the trained students. Body fat percent (%BF) and body fat mass (BFM) were measured using BIA method. BMI>25 and >30 kg/m(2) were used as criteria for determining the overweight and obese women, respec vely. %BF>35% was regarded as cutoff for defining obesity.
majority of them were housewives with secondary educational level. Their BMI, %BF, waist-to-hip ratio, and mid-upper arm circumference means
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were: 25.9(4.7) kg/m(2), 27.6(7.3)%, 0.75(0.08) and 27.9(3.9) cm, respectively. Central obesity was prevalent in 21.2% of the subjects. Prevalence of obesity determined by BMI and BIA methods was 18.3 and 15.5% and women within normal ranges were detected in 44.7 and 46% of the subjects by these methods, respectively. However, thin (underweight) women were 2.6 and 14.6% of the subjects studied, respec vely. About one half of the women were overweight or obese. BMI was statistically correlated with BFM (r=0.86; P<0.0001) and %BF (r=0.77; P<0.0001). Women with higher educational levels had lower body fat percentage and BMI than the other subjects with lower degrees (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Obesity and overweight is prevalent in about one-half of the Ahvazian married women and more than one-fifth of the subjects have central obesity. BIA and BMI methods can similarly detect the normal and obese married women but they are different in determining the underweight female subjects. Women with higher educational grades tend to have lower BMI levels.
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Indian J Pediatr. 2007 Mar;74(3):265-7. Obesity and Related Risk Factors. Mozaffari H, Nabaei B. Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Children Medical Center, Tehran, Iran. mozafart@sina.tums.ac.ir Abstract OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Iranian schoolgirls and to identify risk factors which lead to obesity. METHOD: This cross-sec onal study was conducted in 2002 and a sample of 1800 female students between 7-12 years old was obtained using a multistage cluster sampling method from Tehran. Height and weight were measured and related socio-economic information was collected. RESULTS: The overall percent of overweight and obesity was 13.3% and 7.7% respec vely. BMI (Body Mass Index) was directly and significantly(r=+0.28, P< 0.001) correlated with increasing age. Physical activity was significantly different between obese and non-obese children. (P=0.03) Also, economical factors such as the type of school (private&public) were different in these children. (P=0.03) The sta stical analysis of the data revealed a significant and inverse correlation(r=-0.03, P=0.04) between maternal educa on and occurrence of overweight and obesity in children.
girls was high. Advanced age, lack of physical inactivity, low economical factors and maternal educational status could be risk factors for obesity in children. 227
Obes Rev. 2007 Jan;8(1):3-10. Prevalence of Obesity, Central Obesity and The Associated Factors in Urban Popula on Aged 20-70 Years, in the North of Iran: A Population-Based Study and Regression Approach. Hajian-Tilaki KO, Heidari B. Department of Social Medicine and Health, Babol Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Abstract Obesity is an undesirable outcome of changing of lifestyle and behaviours. It is also reversible predisposing factor for the development of several debilitating diseases. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence rate of obesity, overweight, central obesity and their associated factors in the north of Iran. We conducted a population-based cross-sectional study with a sample of 1800 women and 1800 men with respective mean ages of 37.5 +/- 13.0 and 38.5 +/- 14.2 years of urban popula on aged 20-70 years living in the north of Iran. The demographic and lifestyle data, in particular, age, gender, marital status, marriage age, family history of obesity, educational level, occupation, occupational and leisure time physical activity, duration of exercise per week, parity and the number of children were collected with a designed questionnaire. Diagnosis of obesity and central obesity were confirmed by the WHO standard recommended method by determining of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Logistic regression model was used to estimate the adjusted odds ra o (OR) and its 95% confidence interval. Over half of the study subjects were at educational levels of high school or higher; 79.4% of popula on was married and 35.3% had a family history of parental obesity. The majority of subjects in particular women had none or low levels of physical activity. The overall prevalence rates of obesity and overweight were 18.8% and 34.8% respec vely. The overall prevalence rate of central obesity was 28.3%. The rate of obesity in women was higher than men (P < 0.0001). In both genders, particularly in the women, the rate of obesity was raised by increasing age. There was an inverse relation between the risk of obesity and marriage age, the high level of educa on (OR = 0.19, P < 0.0001), severe occupa onal ac vity (OR = 0.44, P < 0.0001), the level of exercise (in subjects with 3-4 h exercise per week, OR = 0.58, P < 0.001) and leisure me ac vity. Marriage, history of parental obesity and parity > or =5 were associated with increased risk of obesity (OR = 2.2, P < 0.001 and OR = 2.43, 228
P < 0.0001 and OR = 3.73, P < 0.0001 respec vely). The results of this study indicate an increased rate of obesity and overweigh in the north population of Iran. With respect to these findings, low level of activity and education, parity, family history of obesity, marriage at earlier age and ageing are responsible for both obesity and central obesity in the north of Iran. Therefore, a community-based multiple strategies are required to combat with increasing rate of obesity and its subsequent complications such as diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension and osteoarthritis.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(2):248-53. Correlation of Dyslipidemia with Waist to Height Ratio, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Index in Iranian Adults. Chehrei A, Sadrnia S, Keshteli AH, Daneshmand MA, Rezaei J. Department of pathology, Alzahra University Hospital, Soffeh Street, Isfahan, Iran. Alichehrei@yahoo.com Abstract Overweight and obesity are increasing problems in many countries and are related to multiple cardiovascular risk factors. Although imaging techniques can determine total body fat and its distribution reliably, anthropometric measurements remain important in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between some anthropometric measurements and dyslipidemia as an important cardiovascular risk factor in Iranian popula on. A total of 750 subjects (580 females and 170 males) were selected by multistage random sampling from residents of Arak (Iran) and related villages in 2005. None of them had any significant past medical history. Body mass index(BMI), waist circumference(WC), and waist to height ratio(W/Ht) of subjects were measured to identify their relationship with their lipid profile including total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density
lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), low density
lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and the ratio of total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol(TC/HDL-C). Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was also measured. WC and W/Ht showed greater correlation with TC, TG, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C level than did BMI. Among lipid profile, TG showed the closest correla on with W/Ht (r=0.309, p<0.001) and WC (r=0.308, p<0.001). HDL-C level did not show any statistical relationship with W/Ht, but it was weakly correlated with WC (r=-0.088, p<0.05). None of the indices showed any association with FBS level. It can be concluded that W/Ht and WC can best
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predict dyslipidemia in an Iranian adult population. We suggest using both W/Ht and WC as inexpensive and easy methods in clinical and epidemiological fields.
Br J Biomed Sci. 2007;64(3):117-20. Associa on of Body Mass Index and Trp64Arg Polymorphism of the Beta3-Adrenoreceptor Gene and Leptin Level in Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Eshraghi P, Hedayati M, Daneshpour MS, Mirmiran P, Azizi F. Institute of Endocrine Sciences, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I. R. Iran. Abstract In this study the associa on between beta3-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism and serum concentration of leptin with body mass index (BMI) is investigated. Using subjects in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, genotyping of the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenoreceptor gene was performed using a restriction fragment length polymorphism- polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) technique was used and the associa on with obesity was inves gated. At total of 197 men and 204 women were divided into four groups (BMI<20, 20< or =BMI<25, 25< or =BMI<30, BMI< or =30) and 97, 98, 104 and 102 subjects, respec vely, were placed randomly in the four groups. Leptin level was determined by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method and FBS, HDL-C, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were determined by an enzyme colorimetric method. Body mass index (BMI) was also measured. The A (Arg) allele frequency was 0.08 among the popula on and its presence was significantly associated with increase of lep n level (AA/TA, 30.5+/-24.8 ng/mL; TT, 22.6+/-20.9 ng/mL; P=0.014) but there was no significant associa on with increased BMI (AA/TA, 27+/-5.6 kg/m2; TT, 25.4+/-5.5 kg/m2; P=0.072). These data show that the presence of the Arg64 allele at the beta3-adenoceptor gene locus is related to increase in leptin level in this population, but is not related to body mass index.
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