Overweight and Obesity in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
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- Strategy to Combat Obesity and to Promote Physical Activity in Arab Countries.
- Abstract Introduction
- Childhood Obesity in the Middle East: A Review.
- Abstract AIM
- Abstract BACKGROUND
- Practices in Child Growth Monitoring in the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region
- Stunting is a Major Risk Factor for Overweight: Results from Na onal Surveys in 5 Arab Countries.
- Abstract 699
Participants Residents of the GCC states participating in studies on the
prevalence of overweight and obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
hyperglycaemia, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. RESULTS: Forty-five studies were included in the review. Reported prevalences of overweight and obesity in adults were 25–50% and 13–50%, respectively. Prevalence appeared higher in women and to hold a non- linear association with age. Current prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was es mated to be 10–20%. Prevalence appears to have been increasing in recent years. Estimated prevalences of hypertension and dyslipidaemia were few and used varied definitions of abnormality, making review difficult, but these also appeared to be high and increasing, CONCLUSIONS: There are high prevalences of risk factors for diabetes and diabetic complications in the GCC region, indicative that their current 690
management is suboptimal. Enhanced management will be critical if escalation of diabetes-related problems is to be averted as industrialization, urbanization and changing population demographics continue.
Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2011;4:89-97. Epub 2011 Mar 8. Strategy to Combat Obesity and to Promote Physical Activity in Arab Countries. Musaiger AO, Al Hazzaa HM, Al-Qahtani A, Elati J, Ramadan J, Aboulella NA, Mokhtar N, Kilani HA. Abstract Obesity has become a major public health problem in the Arab countries, creating a health and economic burden on these countries' government services. There is an urgent need to develop a strategy for prevention and control of obesity. The third Arab Conference on Obesity and Physical Ac vity was held in Bahrain in January 2010, and proposed the Strategy to Combat Obesity and Promote Physical Activity in Arab Countries. This strategy provides useful guidelines for each Arab country to prepare its own strategy or plan of action to prevent and control obesity. The strategy focused on expected outcomes, objectives, indicators to measure the objec ves, and ac on needs for 9 target areas: child-care centers for preschool children, schools, primary health care, secondary care, food companies, food preparation institutes, media, public benefit organizations, and the workplace. Follow-up and future developments of this strategy were also included.
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Iranian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism, lume 13, Number 2 (8- 2011) 2011, 13(2): 157-164 The Comparison of Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension between Rural Areas of Fars and Rural Area of EMRO Region hossain faramarzi , P Bagheri , abbas bahrampour , leila halimi Abstract Introduction: Since monitoring and evaluation of diabetes and hypertension in individuals/the population greatly contribute to improving both clinical care and following identification of disease in the region and even the country, and to manage prevent and control diabetes and hypertension and their risk factors, the goal of this study was to compare disease status in rural areas of Fars province and rural areas of the EMRO region.
sec onal one that has been conducted in 2008 by randomized cluster sampling, based on data obtained from an extensive provincial screening plan for adults aged over 30 years in rural areas of Fars province. Based on these data, the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension and their risk factors were calculated and the relationship between diabetes and hypertension was determined by risk factors including age, sex, family history, and MI using Chi square and t-test and SPSS so ware version 17 and Minitab version, prevalences in 15 is rural areas were compared with the ones in EMRO region countries. Results: The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes rural areas of Fars province were calculated to be 21.8% and 11.14% respec vely as compared with rural areas of EMRO region countries.The prevalence of diabetes was also lower on the average and the prevalence of obesity (BMI>30), was less than other countries in the region and Iran.
lower than other regional countries, raising a wareness in high rish groups affected public commitment to basic information transmitting to high risk classes of the society should be taken into account and commitment by the 692
health system administration and the government to sustain monitoring of health, to ensure curtailing the burden of diabetes and hypertension and associated risk factors among countries of the region.
Obes Rev. 2011 Jan;12(1):1-13. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00750.x. The Prevalence and Trends of Overweight, Obesity and Nutrition-Related Non-Communicable Diseases in the Arabian Gulf States. Ng SW, Zaghloul S, Ali HI, Harrison G, Popkin BM. Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA. shuwen@unc.edu Abstract This paper reviews studies on the prevalence of overweight, obesity and related nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia and the UAE. Obesity is common among women; while men have an equal or higher overweight prevalence. Among adults, overweight plus obesity rates are especially high in Kuwait, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, and especially among 30-60 year olds (70-85% among men; 75-88% among women), with lower levels among younger and elderly adults. The rate of increase in obesity was pronounced in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Prevalence of obesity is high among Kuwaiti and Saudi pre-schoolers (8-9%), while adolescent overweight and obesity are among the highest in the world, with Kuwait having the worst es mates (40-46%); however, comparison of child data is difficult because of differing standards. Among nutrition-related non-communicable diseases, hypertension and diabetes levels are very high and increase with age, with the UAE performing the worst because of a rapid rate of increase between 1995 and 2000. Additional monitoring of the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and cancers is necessary. Nationally representative longitudinal surveys with individual, household and community-level information are needed to determine the importance of various factors that contribute to these troubling trends.
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Springer Series on Epidemiology and Public Health, 2011, Volume 2, Part 1, 127-152, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6039-9_8 Prevalence and Etiology: Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Countries Hafez Elzein and Sima Hamadeh Abstract The increasing prevalence of obesity at an alarming rate in many parts of the world probably has multiple underlying etiologies. Obesity is generally attributed to a combination of genetic and/or environmental factors. In children, genetic, prenatal and perinatal factors have a great effect on individual predisposition, practices and behaviors, contributing to a long- term positive energy balance.
East Mediterr Health J. 2010 Sep;16(9):1009-17. Childhood Obesity in the Middle East: A Review. Mirmiran P, Sherafat-Kazemzadeh R, Jalali-Farahani S, Azizi F. Abstract Accurate and comprehensive data on the extent of the problem of childhood obesity is lacking in countries of the Middle East. This review, based on a Medline search, summarizes the prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents in the region during 1990-2007. The highest rates of obesity and overweight were reported from Bahrain and the lowest from the Islamic Republic of Iran. Studies from Saudi Arabia, Islamic Republic of Iran and Kuwait showed an upwards trend in childhood obesity compared with a decade ago. Lack of uniformity in reference standards and reporting systems renders comparisons difficult. Nevertheless, the I high prevalence of childhood obesity in the Middle East should stimulate policy-makers in the region to set up effective national and regional surveillance systems.
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Diabet Med. 2010 May;27(5):593-7. Gender Differences In Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: A Systematic Review. Mabry RM, Reeves MM, Eakin EG, Owen N. Abstract AIMS: To systematically review studies documenting the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among men and women in Member States of the Gulf Cooperative Council (GCC; Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates)-countries in which obesity, Type 2 diabetes and related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent.
term 'metabolic syndrome' and the country name of each GCC Member State. The search was limited to studies published in the English language. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Third Adult Treatment Panel (ATPIII) of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and/or International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated based on four criteria: a national-level population sample; equal gender representation; robustness of the sample size; an explicit sampling methodology.
relevant studies. Only four were considered high quality and found that, for men, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome ranged from 20.7% to 37.2% (ATPIII defini on) and from 29.6% to 36.2% (IDF defini on); and, for women, from 32.1% to 42.7% (ATPIII defini on) and from 36.1% to 45.9% (IDF definition). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the GCC states is some 10-15% higher than in most developed countries, with generally higher prevalence rates for women. Preventive strategies will require identifying socio-demographic and environmental correlates (particularly those influencing women) and addressing modifiable risk behaviors, including lack of physical activity, prolonged sitting time and dietary intake.
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Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;57(3-4):193-203. Epub 2010 Nov 18. Nutrition Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Middle East and North Africa Countries: Reviewing the Evidence. Mehio Sibai A, Nasreddine L, Mokdad AH, Adra N, Tabet M, Hwalla N. Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. Abstract AIM: To examine the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Middle East and North Africa countries and their associations with dietary behaviors as nutrition transition is unfolding in the region.
systematic review of published articles was performed. Dietary patterns were derived from the WHO Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Databases. RESULTS: Wide variations exist across countries in the prevalence of CVD risk factors, namely obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking and physical inactivity, with some countries showing high values of certain factors which approach those observed in the developed world. In particular, obesity prevalence rates have reached alarming levels, particularly among women in the oil-rich countries (over 40%), making it the most pressing health concern in the region. Trends in the dietary pattern illustrated a consistent rise in total energy supply by approximately 730 kcal per capita per day between 1970 and 2005. Dietary pa erns showed an increased consumption of fat and animal protein and a decreased intake of carbohydrates, particularly whole grain cereals, and fresh fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION: Regional differences were attributed to differences in lifestyle, occupation and a shift from traditional food habits. Our understanding of the CVD disparities across various geographic regions is key to our effort in planning relevant intervention programs. Public health efforts should focus on obesity, physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary practices. The success of these interventions depends on governmental commitment, multisectoral partnership and a consideration of the sociocultural norms of the target population. 696
J Am Coll Nutr. 2010 Jun;29(3 Suppl):289S-301S. Obesity, the Metabolic Syndrome, and Type 2 Diabetes in Developing Countries: Role of Dietary Fats and Oils. Misra A, Singhal N, Khurana L. Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Fortis Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India.
anoopmisra@metabolicresearchindia.com Abstract Developing countries are undergoing rapid nutrition transition concurrent with increases in obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). From a healthy tradi onal high-fiber, low-fat, low-calorie diet, a shift is occurring toward increasing consumption of calorie-dense foods containing refined carbohydrates, fats, red meats, and low fiber. Data show an increase in the supply of animal fats and increased intake of saturated fatty acid (SFAs) (obtained from coconut oil, palm oil, and ghee [clarified butter]) in many developing countries, particularly in South Asia and South-East Asia. In some South Asian populations, particularly among vegetarians, intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fa y acids (PUFAs) (obtained from flaxseed, mustard, and canola oils) and long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFAs (obtained from fish and fish oils) is low. Further, the effect of supplementation of n-3 PUFAs on metabolic risk factors and insulin resistance, except for demonstrated benefit in terms of decreased triglycerides, needs further investigation among South Asians. Data also show that intake of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) ranged from 4.7% to 16.4%en in developing countries, and supplementing it from olive, canola, mustard, groundnut, and rice bran oils may reduce metabolic risk. In addition, in some developing countries, intake of n-6 PUFAs (obtained from sunflower, safflower, corn, soybean, and sesame oils) and trans-fatty acids (TFAs) is increasing. These data show imbalanced consumption of fats and oils in developing countries, which may have potentially deleterious metabolic and glycemic consequences, although more research is needed. In view of the rapid rise of T2DM in developing countries, more aggressive public health awareness programs coupled with governmental action and clear country-specific guidelines are required, so as to promote widespread use of healthy oils, thus curbing intake of SFAs and TFAs, and increasing intake of n-3 PUFAs and MUFAs. Such ac ons would contribute to decelerating further escalation of "epidemics" of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and T2DM in developing countries.
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Am J Clin Nutr November 2010 vol. 92 no. 5 1257-1264 Global Prevalence and Trends of Overweight and Obesity among Preschool Children 1
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Mercedes de Onis, Monika Blössner, Elaine Borghi + Author Affiliations 1 From the Growth Assessment and Surveillance Unit, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. + Author Notes ↵2 The authors are staff members of the World Health Organization. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this publication and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the World Health Organization. ↵3 The project had no specific funding. ↵4 Address reprint requests and correspondence to M de Onis, Department of Nutri on, World Health Organiza on, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. E-mail: deonism@who.int.
problems and the risk of premature illness and death later in life. Monitoring related trends is important.
trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children on the basis of the new World Health Organization standards.
from 144 countries were analyzed. Overweight and obesity were defined as the propor on of preschool children with values >2 SDs and >3 SDs, respectively, from the World Health Organization growth standard median. Being “at risk of overweight” was defined as the propor on with values >1 SD and ≤2 SDs, respec vely. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to estimate the rates and numbers of affected children.
were es mated to be overweight and obese; 92 million were at risk of overweight. The worldwide prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased from 4.2% (95% CI: 3.2%, 5.2%) in 1990 to 6.7% (95% CI: 5.6%, 698
7.7%) in 2010. This trend is expected to reach 9.1% (95% CI: 7.3%, 10.9%), or ≈60 million, in 2020. The es mated prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in Africa in 2010 was 8.5% (95% CI: 7.4%, 9.5%) and is expected to reach 12.7% (95% CI: 10.6%, 14.8%) in 2020. The prevalence is lower in Asia than in Africa (4.9% in 2010), but the number of affected children (18 million) is higher in Asia. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood overweight and obesity have increased drama cally since 1990. These findings confirm the need for effec ve interventions starting as early as infancy to reverse anticipated trends.
EMHJ (Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal), 2010;16(2). Practices in Child Growth Monitoring in the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region Abul-Fadl,1 K. Bagchi 2 and L. Cheikh Ismail Abstract Growth reference charts are among the most sensitive and valuable tools for assessing the health and development of children. A ques onnaire survey was answered by 16 of the 21 ministries of health in the Eastern Mediterranean Region countries (EMR) about their use of growth charts for children under 5 years. Most of the countries (13/16) used the NCHS/WHO charts and weight-for- age was the most commonly used. Charts for height-for-age and head circumference-for-age were less commonly used. Problems in the use of charts were identified. The introduction of the new WHO Child Growth Standards, based on exclusively breastfed babies, is a unique opportunity to support growth monitoring and optimal feeding practices in EMR.
East Mediterr Health J. 2009 May-Jun; 15(3):549-62. Stunting is a Major Risk Factor for Overweight: Results from Na onal Surveys in 5 Arab Countries. El Taguri A, Besmar F, Abdel Monem A, Betilmal I, Ricour C, Rolland-Cachera MF. Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France. tajoury@pediatrician.com Abstract 699
We analysed data on overweight and stunting from large national surveys performed between 2001 and 2004 in 5 Arab countries (Djibouti, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen). Overweight and stunting were defined according to new WHO growth standards. Overweight ranged from 8.9% in Yemen to 20.2% in Syrian Arab Republic. The risk ratio (RR) for overweight in stunted children ranged from 2.14 in Djibou to 3.85 in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. RR ranged from 0.76 in mildly stunted children of Yemen to 7.15 in severely stunted children in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. E ological frac on in the popula on ranged from 7.49% to 69.76%.
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