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Хроматография — метод разделения смесей веществ или частиц, основанный на различиях в скоростях их перемещения в системе несмешивающихся и движущихся относительно друг друга фаз. 42. Колонка — содержит хроматографический сорбент, выполняет функцию разделения смеси на индивидуальные компоненты. 43. Элюент — подвижная фаза (растворитель или смесь растворителей): газ, жидкость или (реже) сверхкритический флюид. 44. Неподвижная фаза — твердая фаза или жидкость, связанная на инертном носителе, в адсорбционной хроматографии — сорбент. 45. Хроматограмма — результат регистрирования зависимости концентрации компонентов на выходе из колонки от времени. 46. Детектор — устройство для регистрации концентрации компонентов смеси на выходе из колонки. 47. Хроматограф — прибор для проведения хроматографии 48. Значение R f -величина подъема пятна , не зависит от размера пластинки, времени разделения и (при достаточно малой массе пробы) от концентрации компонента в пробе и присутствия других компонентов, то есть это идентификационная характеристика. 49. Ультрафиолетовая спектроскопия - (УФ спектроскопия), раздел оптич. спектроскопии, включающий получение, исследование и применение спектров испускания, поглощения и отражения в ультрафиолетовой области, т. е. в диапазоне длин волн 10-400 нм. 50. Фотометрический анализ (ФА), совокупность методов мол.- абсорбционного спектрального анализа, основанных на избират. поглощении электромагн. излучения в видимой, ИК и УФ областях молекуламиопределяемого компонента или его соед. с подходящим реагентом. 51. Оптическая плотность - (D), мера непрозрачности слоя вещества толщиной l для световых луче й; характеризует ослабление оптического излучения в слоях различных веществ. 1. Toxicological chemistry is the science which studies toxic and potent substances, their physical and chemical characteristics and prepares samples for analysis as well as methods of isolation and quantitative determination of these substances. 2. Toxicology is the science that deals with the study of the mechanism of chemicals‘ toxic actions, diagnostics and prevention of poisoning cases as well as treatment of poisoned patients. 3. Toxicology - (in Greek toxikon - poison, logos - study) - the science which studies the toxic characteristics of chemical substances and their impact on living organisms and ecosystems. 4. Toxicity- is the ability of chemicals substances to affect biological objects by causing damages 277 5. Toxic substances – in toxicology, any chemical substance which causes disease or death (such as intoxication, poisoning, etc.) in contact with the body called harmful substance (poison). 6. Toxicant - substances which cause not only the toxicity but also provoke other forms of toxic processes 7. Xenobiotics - is an alien chemicals to the body that have negative impact on the body despite its amount. 8. Poisoning - a pathological condition or dysfunction of biological systems occurring when the toxicant interacts with an organism (it is also called substance intoxication). 9. Toximeter - a set of methods and techniques to conduct quantitative assessment for the toxicity and danger of harmful substances. 10. Cumulation - Harmful substances may gradually accumulate in the body with repeated interactions. This phenomenon is called cumulation or cumulation material occurring when proceeding substance in an organism exceeds the removing poison from it. 11. Maximum Permissible Concentration (MPC) - hygienic classification is based on quantitative assessment of danger of chemical compounds obtained on the basis of experimental data on the determination of their maximum permissible concentration. 12. Approximate Safety Level of Exposure (TSEL) - preliminary MPC value, obtained by using calculation methods 13. LD 50 - values of the statistical average lethal doses or concentrations which are chosen because these values corresponds to 50% death of the experimented objects 14. Drug addiction - The World Health Organization defined drug addiction as a state of episodic or chronic poisoning caused by repeated introduction of the drug. 15. Morphinism – is type of addiction triggered by the usage of opium, morphine, codeine and other alkaloids containing in milky juice of the poppy. 16. Cocainism - caused by cocaine, which belongs to the group of the oldest psychoactive agents. It leads to irresistible desire to repeat the drug consumption. 17. Hashishism – is the type of drug addiction caused by consumption of Indian or southern hemp (marijuana, hashish). 18. Extraction (lat extraho -. Recoverable) - method of extracting a substance from a solution or a dry mixture with a suitable solvent (extractant). To extract from a mixture of solvents are immiscible with this mixture. 19. Extractant - Solvent extraction involves the transfer of one (or more) of soluble substances contained in the feed solution, in another immiscible liquid (extractant). 20. Ekstrakt- extractant enriched with soluble substances called extract 21. Metabolism - The sum of the physical and chemical changes in living cells by which energy is provided for vital processes and growth in cell mass. Metabolite - Any of the various organic compounds produced by metabolism. 22. summation (additivity) - the phenomenon of additive effects induced by the combined action; 278 23. potentiation (synergy) - Strengthening of effect; Effect more than the summation; 24. antagonism - the effect of the combined effects of less expected in the simple summation. 25. Analytical Procedure: The analytical procedure refers to the way of performing the analysis. It should describe in detail the steps necessary to perform each analytical test. This may include but is not limited to: the sample, the reference standard and the reagents preparations, use of the apparatus, generation of the calibration curve, use of the formulae for the calculation, etc. 26. Analyte: Substance for which analysis is being performed. 27. Annual Product Quality Review (APQR): APQR is overall review of the product manufactured during the whole calendar year , for all the parameters including critical parameters and trend of the batches . 28. Batch (or Lot): A specific quantity of material produced in a process or series of processes so that it is expected to be homogeneous within specified limits. In the case of continuous production, a batch may correspond to a defined fraction of the production. The batch size can be defined either by a fixed quantity or by the amount produced in a fixed time interval. 29. BET: A toxin that forms an integral part of the cell wall of certain bacteria and is only released upon destruction of the bacterial cell. Endotoxins are less potent and less specific than most exotoxins and do not form toxoids. Also calledintracellular toxin. 30. Binder:An excipient used to increase powder cohesiveness,which increases the bonding strength of the final product.In wet granulation, they help to form agglomerates. 31. Bioavailability: A measure of the fraction of a drug that enters the systemic blood circulation after oral administration. The usual measure is the ratio of the AUC of two different formulations of the same drug, corrected for dose. 32. Bioequivalence: A high degree of similarity in the bioavailabilities of two pharmaceutical products (of the same galenic form) from the same molar dose, that are unlikely to produce clinically relevant differences in therapeutic effects, or adverse effects, or both 33. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS): A system of classification of drugs based on their solubility and their permeability through the gut wall. The system was introduced by Professor Gordon Amidon in 1995. A soluble drug is one whose highest dose is soluble in 250ml or less of aqueous media over the pH range 1 to 7,5. A permeable drug is one that is more than 90% absorbed from the human gut. Permeability may be determined using in vitro model systems. The BCS classes are Class 1: high solubility & high permeability. Class 2 = low solubility & high permeability. Class 3 = High solubility & low permeability. Class 4 = low solubility & low permeability. 279 34. Calibration: The demonstration that a particular instrument or device produces results within specified limits by comparison with those produced by a reference or traceable standard over an appropriate range of measurements. 35. Change-Being-Effected Supplement (CBE) - A submission to an approved application reporting changes that FDA has identified as having moderate potential to adversely affect the identity, strength, quality, purity, or potency of a product as they may relate to the safety or effectiveness of the product. A CBE supplement must be received by FDA before or concurrently with distribution of the product made using the change. 36. CEP: CEP stands for Certification of suitability of European Pharmacopoeia monographs. COS (―Certificate of Suitability‖) means the same and, even if often used, is not the official acronym. 37. Combination product: A drug product which contains more than one drug substance. 38. Contamination: The undesired introduction of impurities of a chemical or microbiological nature, or of foreign matter, into or onto a raw material, intermediate, or API during production, sampling, packaging or repackaging, storage or transport. 39. COS: A certificate provided to the manufacturer by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare to certify that the relevant monograph in the European Pharmacopoeia adequately controls the substance as manufactured by the company at the time the certificate was granted. 40. Degradation Product: An impurity resulting from a chemical change in the drug substance brought about over time and/or by the action of e.g., light, temperature, pH, water, or by reaction with an excipient and/or the immediate container/closure system. Also called decomposition product. 41. Detection Limit: The detection limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact value. 42. Dissolution: The process by which drug dissolves out of a dosage form and is made available for absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. In vitro measurements are made in a range of apparatus types. The requirements for different types of dosage forms are given in each pharmacopoeia. 43. Diuretics: Drugs that increase the quantity of urine produced by kidney. 44. Dosage form: A pharmaceutical product type (e.g., tablet, capsule, solution, cream) that contains a drug substance generally, but not necessarily, in association with excipients. 45. Drug substance: The unformulated drug substance that may subsequently be formulated with excipients to produce the dosage form. 46. Enantiomeric Impurity: A compound with the same molecular formula as the drug substance that differs in the spatial arrangement of atoms within the molecule and is a non-superimposable mirror image. 47. Endotoxin: A pyrogen (eg:lipopolysaccharide) derived from the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Endotoxin can lead to reactions in patients receiving injections ranging from fever to death. 280 48. Extractable: Extractables are chemical entities, both organic and inorganic, that will extract from components of a container closure system or device into solvents under controlled conditions. 49. Generic Drug: A drug for which the patents protecting the originator product have expired (or may be challenged). Generic products are pharmaceutically equivalent to a reference listed drug (same drug substance, same route of administration, same dosage form and same strengths) and are also therapeutically equivalent (typically bioequivalent for oral solid dosage forms). 50. Impurity: Any component of the new drug substance that is not the chemical entity defined as the new drug substance. 51. LD 50 : The dose of a material which results in 50% mortality in an animal test. 52. Linearity: The linearity of an analytical procedure is its ability (within a given range) to obtain test results which are directly proportional to the concentration (amount) of analyte in the sample. 53. Mass balance: The process of adding together the assay value and levels of degradation products to see how closely these add up to 100% of the initial value, with due consideration of the margin of analytical error. 54. Operational Qualification (OQ):The documented verification that the facilities, systems and equipment, as installed or modified, perform as intended throughout the anticipated operating ranges. 55. Overage : Increased content of drug substance, usually due to loss of potency on storage. 56. Performance Qualification (PQ): The documented verification that the facilities, systems and equipment, as connected together, can perform effectively and reproducibly, based on the approved process method and product specification. 57. Pharmacopoea: Pharmacopoeia is a book or encyclopedia of Drugs Standards, their formulas, Methods for making medicinal preparations and other related information's which is published under the jurisdiction of government body. 58. Placebo: A product which stimulates the marketable product but has no active ingredient present. 59. Process Validation: The documented evidence that the process, operated within established parameters, can 60. perform effectively and reproducibly to produce a medicinal product meeting its predetermined specifications and quality attributes. 61. Qualification: Action of proving and documenting that equipment or ancillary systems are properly installed, work correctly, and actually lead to the expected results. Qualification is part of validation, but the individual qualification steps alone do not constitute process validation. 62. Qualification Threshold: A limit above (>) which an impurity should be qualified. 63. Quality Risk Management: A systematic process for the assessment, control, communication, and review of risks to the quality of the drug product across the product lifecycle. 281 64. Quantitation Limit: The quantitation limit of an individual analytical procedure is the lowest amount of analyte in a sample which can be quantitatively determined with suitable precision and accuracy. The quantitation limit is a parameter of quantitative assays for low levels of compounds in sample matrices, and is used particularly for the determination of impurities and/or degradation products. 65. Range: The range of an analytical procedure is the interval between the upper and lower concentration (amounts) of analyte in the sample (including these concentrations) for which it has been demonstrated that the analytical procedure has a suitable level of precision, accuracy and linearity. 66. Reconcilation: Comparing the total number of an item accounted for against the number or quantity of the item at the beginning of the process to determine the difference (Comparison between the theoretical quantity and the actual quantity). 67. Reproducibility: Reproducibility expresses the precision between laboratories (collaborative studies, usually applied to standardization of methodology). 68. Robustness: The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small, but deliberate variations in method parameters and provides an indication of its reliability during normal usage. 69. Screening: The process of reducing agglomerates, sorting particles by size and removing oversized particles and contaminants using a woven metal screen or perforated plate. 70. Specificity: Specificity is the ability to assess unequivocally the analyte in the presence of components which may be expected to be present. Typically these might include impurities, degradants, matrix, etc.Lack of specificity of an individual analytical procedure may be compensated by other supporting analytical procedure(s). This definition has the following implications: Identification: to ensure the identity of an analyte. Purity Tests: to ensure that all the analytical procedures performed allow an accurate statement of the content of impurities of an analyte, i.e. related substances test, heavy metals, residual solvents content, etc. Assay (content or potency): to provide an exact result which allows an accurate statement on the content or potency of the analyte in a sample. 71. Stability: Ability of a material to maintain a stated property value within specified limits for a specified period of time, when stored under specified conditions. 72. Standard operating procedure (SOP) :An authorized written procedure, giving instructions for performing operations, not necessarily specific to a given product or material, but of a more general nature, (e.g. equipment operation, maintenance and cleaning, validation, cleaning of premises and environmental control, sampling and inspection). Certain SOPs may be used to supplement product- specific master and batch production documentation. 73. Surfactant: A substance that decreases the surface tension of a liquid. 74. Tincture: A medicine consisting of an extract in alcohol solution. 75. Unidentified Impurity: An impurity for which a structural characterisation has not been achieved and that is defined solely by qualitative analytical properties (e.g., chromatographic retention time). 282 76. Validation: A documented program that provides a high degree of assurance that a specific process, method, or system will consistently produce a result meeting pre-determined acceptance criteria. 77. Qualitative chemical analysis of -sets, the components of a object of analysis, ie defines chemical elements, ions, atoms, atomic groups, and molecules in the analyte. The procedure is called a qualitative analysis of the detection, identification ( "identification") or opening. 78. Quantitative analysis -sets quantitative composition of the substance or object is called analiza.Protseduroy quantitative analysis to determine the concentration or mass. 79. Instrumental methods of analysis (physical and physico-chemical) - methods based on the use of dependency between the measured physical properties of substances and their qualitative and quantitative composition. 80. Chemical methods of analysis - the main stage methods - analytical reaction, with measurement of the analytical signal is carried out without complicated operations (in the qualitative analysis - is an external effect of the reaction). 81. Physical methods of analysis - the main stage - analytical signal measurement and its interpretation. 82. Physico-chemical methods of analysis - analytical signal used in the analysis of the reaction or after the conference. 83. The method of analysis - the general physical principle of obtaining information about the chemical composition analysis of the object, ie, universal and theoretically sound method of determining the composition irrespective of the defined component, and (usually) to the analyzed object. 84. Methods of analysis - detailed description of all operations required for the analysis of the object to the content of all or only of the component. 85. Accuracy, reliability and accuracy of the analysis results - (systematic error analysis of the results tends to zero) and reproducibility, which shows the degree of closeness to each other the results of individual measurements in the analysis of the sample material; 86. Download 5.17 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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