Partial Assimilation and Total Assimilation" [Assimilation] may be partial or total. In the phrase ten bikes, for example, the normal form in colloquialspeech would be /tem baiks/, not /ten baiks/, which would sound somewhat 'careful.' In this case, theassimilation has been partial: the /n/ sound has fallen under the influence of the following /b/, and has adopted its bilabiality, becoming /m/. It has not, however, adopted its plosiveness. The phrase /teb baiks/ would be likely only if one had a severe cold! The assimilation is total in ten mice /tem mais/, where the /n/ sound is now identical with the /m/ which influenced it." (David Crystal, Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed. Blackwell, 2008)
Alveolar Nasal Assimilation: "I ain't no hamsamwich" "Many adults, especially in casual speech, and most children assimilate the place of articulation of the nasal to the following labial consonant in the wordsandwich: sandwich /sænwɪč/ → /sæmwɪč/
The alveolar nasal /n/ assimilates to the bilabial /w/ by changing the alveolar to a bilabial /m/. (The /d/ of the spelling is not present for most speakers, though it can occur in careful pronunciation.)"
(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone. Wadsworth, 2010)
Direction of Influence "Features of an articulation may lead into (i.e. anticipate) those of a following segment, e.g. English white pepper /waɪt 'pepə/ → /waɪp 'pepə/. We term this leading assimilation.
"Articulation features may be held over from a preceding segment, so that the articulators lag in their movements, e.g. English on the house /ɑn ðə 'haʊs/ → /ɑn nə 'haʊs/. This we term lagging assimilation. "In many cases there is a two-way exchange of articulation features, e.g. English raise your glass /'reɪz jɔ: 'glɑ:s/ → /'reɪʒ ʒɔ: 'glɑ:s/. This is termed reciprocal assimilation." (Beverley Collins and Inger M. Mees, Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students, 3rd ed. Routledge, 2013)
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