“O’zbekiston temir yo’llari” daтk toshkent temir yo’l muhandislari instituti
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Diskret matematika
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- Teorema.
Teorema. Mulohazalar algebrasining har bir formulasiga birorta Bullfunksiyasi mos keladi. Misol. Barch ikki o’zgaruvchili Bull funksiyalarini yozing. Yechish. Shartga ko’ra n=2 bo’lgani uchun bu funksiyalar soni o’n oltita. . №
qiymati. Funksiyaga mos keluvchi formula. 1.
1 f=0000
f=0 2.
2 f=0001
f=x 1 x 2
3. 3 f=0010
f= 2 1 x x
4. 4 f=0011
f=x 1
5. 5 f=0100 f= 2 1 х х
6. 6 f=0101
f=x 2
7. 7 f=0110 f=x 1 x 2
8. 8 f=0111
f=x 1 x 2
9. 9 f=1000
f= 2 1 x x
10 f=1001 f= 2 1 x x
11 f=1010 f= 2 x
12 f=1011 f= 2 1 х х
13 f=1100 f= 1 x
14 f=1101 f=x
1 x 2 15
f=1110 f= 2 1 x x
16 f=1111 f=1
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Teorema. Aytaylik f(x 1 , x 2 , …, x
k ) k-o’rinli Bull funksiyasi bo’lsin.Agar f aynan nolga teng bo’lmasa uni ifodalovchi xuddi shu ro’yxatdagi o’zgaruvchilardan tuzilgan va bu ro’yxatga nisbatan MDNShda bo’lgan F formula mavjud. F formula diz’yunktiv hadlari o’rni almashishi aniqligida yagonadir Teorema. Aytaylik f(x 1 , x 2 , …, x
k ) k-o’rinli Bull funksiyasi bo’lsin.Agar f aynan nolga teng bo’lmasa uni ifodalovchi xuddi shu ro’yxatdagi o’zgaruvchilardan tuzilgan va bu ro’yxatga nisbatan MKNShda bo’lgan F formula mavjud. F formula kon’yunktiv hadlari o’rni almashishi aniqligida yagonadir Yuqorida aytilgani bo’yich Bull funksiyalari uchun MDNSh va MKNSh yozish qoidalari o’zdarmaydi. Misol. Berilgan f(x 1 , x 2 , x
3 )= 00101110 Bull funksiyasi uchun MKNSh va MDNSh yozing. Yechish.Funksiyaning qiymatlari jadvalini tuzamiz. № x 1
2 x
3 f(x
1 , x
2 , x
3 ) 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 1 0 4 1 0 0 1 5 1 0 1 1 6 1 1 0 1 7 1 1 1 0 MKNSh (0): № 0, 1, 3, 7 . ) , , ( 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x f
MDNSh (1): № 2, 4, 5, 6 . , , 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x f
Masalalar. 1.Berilgan va
formulalarning rostlik jadvalini tuzing va ularning ekvivalentligini aniqlang: 1)
, x z & y ; 2) z y x y x ,
z x ( y
3) z y z y x ,
y x z y x ; 4) z y x | z ~ x y x ,
z x z y x ; 5) z y x y z ~ x z y x ,
y x & z & y x .
ekvivalentliklarni isbotlang:
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1) y y x y x ; 2) x y & y x y ~ x ; 3) y | y | x | x | y | y | x | x y x ; 4) z x ~ y x z ~ y x ; 5) x ~ z & x ~ y & x z ~ y & x ; 3. V va U formulalar ekvivakentligini teng kuchlilik formulalaridan foydalanib isbotlang: 1)
x ~ y x y x V ,
y x y x U ; 2) z y x ~ z y x y x V ,
z y y x U ; 3) z y x z y x V ,
x z y x U 4)
x z y ~ x z ~ x y x V ,
x z y x U 5)
z y y x z y x V ,
x y y x U .
4. Ushbu funksiyalar uchun MKNSh yozing: 1))
) ( ) x~ ( f 11001011
3 ,
); ( ) x~ ( g 1011
2
2) ) ( ) x~ ( f 10101100
3 ,
); ( ) x~ ( g 1000
2
3) ) ( ) x~ ( f 00110010
3 ,
); ( ) x~ ( g 0110
2
4) ) ( ) x~ ( f 100011
0110110111 4 , ); ( ) x~ ( g 01100111
3
5) ) ( ) x~ ( f 011011
1111110100 4 ,
( ) x~ ( g 1001
2
5. Ushbu funksiyalar uchun MDNSh yozing: 1) ); ( ) x~ ( f 01010001
3 2)
( ) x~ ( f 01111000
3 3)
( ) x~ ( f 10001111
3
4) ); ( ) x~ ( f 000010
0100100011 4 5) ); ( ) x~ ( f 110001
1000011100 4
6) ); ( ) x~ ( f 010011
1100100010 4
6. Ushbu funksiyalar uchun MKNSh yozing: 1)
( ) x~ ( f 01011101
3
2) ); ( ) x~ ( f 00101110
3
3) ); ( ) x~ ( f 110011
0101111101 4
( ) x~ ( f 100101
0110111011 4
7. Teng kuchlilik formulalaridan foydalanib berillgan formula uchun DNSh yozing: 1)
3 2 1 3 2 1 3
2) ); x x x ( ) x x x ( ) x~ ( f 2 3 1 3 2 1 3
3) )); x x ( x x ( ) x ~ x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 1 2 1 3
4) ); x ) x | x (( | ) x x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
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5) )); x x ( | x ( ) x x ( x ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
8. Teng kuchlilik formulalaridan foydalanib berillgan formula uchun KNSh yozing: 1) 1
1 2
( ) x x (( ) x~ ( f 1 2 x ( )) x | 2 ~ x )); x x ( 2 1 2)
x x ( x ( x ( x x ) x~ ( f 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 ; 3) ); x x x ( x x x x ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 3
4) ; x x x )) x x ( x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
5) ); x x x ( )) x x ( ~ x ( ) x~ ( f 3 1 2 3 2 1 3
9. Ushbu x A x A A va
formulalardan foydalanib berillgan formula uchun MDNSh yozing: 1)
3 2 1 3
2) ; x x x x x x ) x~ ( f 3 1 3 2 2 1 3
3) ; x x x x x ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 2 1 3
4) ; ) ~ ( 3 3 2 2 1 3 x x x x x x f
5) ; x x x x ) x~ ( f 3 1 2 1 3 . Ushbu ) x A ( ) x A ( A и
A A A
formulalardan foydalanib berillgan formula uchun MDNSh yozing: 1)
x ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3
2) ; x ) x x ( ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 3 2 2 1 3
3) ); x x ( ) x x ( ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 1 2 1 3
4) ); x x ( ) x x ( x x ) x~ ( f 3 1 3 1 2 1 3
5) ); x x ( ) x x ( x ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 1 2 2 1 3
11. Distributivlik qonuni xz xy ) z y ( x va
, x x x , x x 0
A 0 0 , A A 0
A B A teng kuchlilik formulalaridan foydalanib DNSh yozing vf rele kontakt sxemasini chizing: 1)
x x ( ) x x ( ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 1 2 1 3
2) ); x x ( ) x x x ( x ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 2 1 1 3
3) ); x x x ( ) x x ( ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 4)
x x ( ) x x ( ) x x ( ) x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 3 1 3 1 2 1 3
5) ); x x x ( ) x x x ( ) x x x ( ) x~ ( f 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3
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