Panahesy, who revolted in Year 17 against his king, was forced to retreat to Lower
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The Sources
41 Panahesy, who revolted in Year 17 against his king, was forced to retreat to Lower Nubia (see recently Jansen-Winkeln 1992) where he established his own rule. The independence of Lower Nubia from Thebes was, however, only temporary; and after Panehesy’s death it seems to have been governed again by Viceroys of Kush appointed by the rulers of the Twenty-First, Twenty-Second, and Twenty-Third Dynasties (cf. Habachi 1979; Bierbrier 1977). The last Viceroy of Kush, Pamiu, is attested around 775-750 BC (Aston-Taylor 1990, 147f.; D.A. Aston JEA 77 [1991], 99f.); and his office may have become extinct as a direct consequence of the appearance of a new power in Nubia. By the reign of Kashta (ca. 760-747 BC, cf. 4) the regions of Napata and Meroe were united into a kingdom; and at an, unfortunately undatable, point in his reign Kashta appeared in Upper Egypt and claimed Egyptian kingship (cf. (3), 4). Queen Kadimalo, a lady originating, according to her name, from the region of the Meroitic-speakers in the South, may be brought into connection with the northward advance of the young Kushite kingdom that prepared Kashta’s appearance in Upper Egypt. It is of course impossible to decide whether she was the daughter of a king of Kush and the wife of another king of Kush, in which case she would have belonged to the family of one of Kashta’s immediate predecessors or of Kashta himself, or whether she descended from the Kushite royal family but was the wife of a Lower Nubian king. Whoever Kadimalo’s husband may have been, the unnamed king of the Semna inscription claims to have been legitimated through an oracle by Amûn (col. 3, end) according to Egyptian kingship dogma which was also adopted by the Kushite dynasty (cf. Török n.d.). [LT]
(2) Alara. Evidence for reign.
Alara is the first member of the dynasty of the kings of Kush whose name is preserved to us. He is first mentioned in the text of the funerary stela of queen Tabiry, who was his daughter by Kasaqa, and wife of Piye (see 11). He is mentioned again as a brother of Taharqo’s grandmother in inscriptions Kawa IV, lines 16 f. and VI, lines 23 f. (see 21, 24), in the second half of the 5th century BC in the stela of Irike- Amanote, Kawa IX, line 54 (see FHN, vol. 2), and finally, in the last third of the 4th century BC, in the Harsiyotef Stela (see ibid.).
Piye’s predecessor was his father Kashta (as indicated by the Nitocris Adoption Stela, Caminos 1964 and by the titulary of Piye’s sister-wife Peksater, a daughter of Kashta, see the Abydos doorjamb published by Schäfer 1906, 49 and Wenig 1990, 341 f.). Thus Alara was in all probability Kashta’s predecessor (cf. Dunham-Macadam 1949, 141 no. 5; Kitchen 1986 § 120 f., 122, 142, 320). It was repeatedly supposed that the succession in the dynasty of the kings of Kush was collateral, i.e., that the king was followed on the throne by his younger brother whose successor would then be the son of the elder brother and so on (cf. Dunham- Macadam 1949; Leclant 1979, 893; Kitchen 1986, § 120 f.). Accordingly, it Fontes Historiae Nubiorum I 42
was also supposed that Alara and Kashta were brothers (Dunham-Macadam 1949, 149; Priese 1972, 21; Kitchen 1986, § 120 and Table, see also Table 11; Wenig 1979]; etc.). Such a relationship is not attested directly, however, but can be assumed if we identify Taharqo’s unnamed grandmother (see 21, 24), Alara’s sister, with Kashta’s sister-wife Pebatma (for her Abydos inscription, now in Oxford, Ashmolean Museum E 3922, see Wenig 1990, 341 f.). Nevertheless, collateral succession was not exclusive in the Kushite dynasty but alternated with a patrilinear succession (for interpretations of the evidence see Priese 1981, who reconstructs a version of the “matrilinear” system in which the kings married their sisters and the sons of the eldest sisters were the legitimate heirs to the throne; Morkot 1992, who sees alternating reigns of scions of a “matriclan” and a “patriclan”; and Török n.d., who suggests the succession alternated between scions of two branches of the dynasty, i.e., those of Piye and Shabaqo, and also reconstructs a concept of legitimacy through descent from a female line, cf. below, 37 and 39 and see especially comments to section 5 [lines 19-21] of 37).
In the funerary stela of Tabiry (11), which was carved during the reign of Piye, Alara’s name is written in a royal cartouche. In Kawa IV and VI he is mentioned as wr, Chieftain; but at the same time his name is written in a royal cartouche and preceded by the royal title S £-R™, Son of Rê. These texts refer to an act in which he dedicated his sister, Taharqo’s grandmother, to Amûn in order to secure legitimacy for her descendants. Though, as evidenced by the continuity of the royal cemetery of el Kurru (cf. Dunham 1950) where Alara’s ancestors and successors were buried, Alara was not the first ruler of his line, the Taharqo inscriptions nevertheless portray him as the founder of the dynasty of the kings of Kush who also became rulers of Egypt. The act in which he committed his sister to Amûn signals a religious as well as a political orientation towards Egypt and indicates the establishment of a new system of succession; all these changes mark the end of the tribal state and the emergence of a kingdom. The change also comes to expression in the double perspective of Taharqo’s references to Alara in the Kawa texts: he is viewed there from the perspective of his actual rank as chieftain of a tribal state and at the same time from the perspective of his descendant Taharqo who derives his kingship from Alara and hence bestows upon him a cartouche and the S£-R™ title. It is the memory of Alara as founder of the dynasty that is evoked again in royal inscriptions of the 5th and 4th centuries BC. [LT]
From stela fragment Cairo JE 41013 (see 4). Leclant 1963 74 f.
The translation of Egyptian royal names is not without problems; and the translations which appear throughout this volume should be used with cau- Download 23.01 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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