Basic legal citation

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basic legal citation 1

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Table of Contents
PREFACE
- A Few Tips on Using Introduction to Basic Legal Citation
- Help with Citation Issues Beyond the Scope of this Work
- Comments, Corrections, Extensions
- Additional Resources
§ 1-000. BASIC LEGAL CITATION: WHAT AND WHY?
- § 1-100. Introduction
- § 1-200. Purposes of Legal Citation
- § 1-300. Types of Citation Principles
- § 1-400. Levels of Mastery
- § 1-500. Citation in Transition: From Proprietary Print Citations to Vendor- and Medium-Neutral Schemes
- § 1-600. Who Sets Citation Norms
§ 2-000. HOW TO CITE ...
- § 2-100. How to Cite Electronic Sources
  - § 2-110. Electronic Sources – Core Elements
  - § 2-115. Electronic Sources – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-120. Electronic Sources – Variants and Special Cases
- § 2-200. How to Cite Judicial Opinions
  - § 2-210. Case Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 2-215. Case Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-220. Case Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 2-225. Case Citations – More Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-230. Medium-Neutral Case Citations
  - § 2-240. Case Citations – Conditional Items
  - § 2-250. Citing Unpublished Cases
- § 2-300. How to Cite Constitutions, Statutes, and Similar Materials
  - § 2-310. Constitution Citations
  - § 2-320. Statute Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 2-330. Statute Citations – Conditional items
  - § 2-335. Statute Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-340. Statute Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 2-350. Local Ordinance Citations
  - § 2-360. Treaty Citations
- § 2-400. How to Cite Regulations, Other Agency and Executive Material
  - § 2-410. Regulation Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 2-415. Regulation Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-420. Regulation Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 2-450. Agency Adjudication Citations
  - § 2-455. Agency Adjudication Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-470. Agency Report Citations
  - § 2-480. Citations to Executive Orders and Proclamations – Most Common Form
  - § 2-485. Citations to Executive Orders and Proclamations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-490. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions – Most Common Form
  - § 2-495. Citations to Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
- § 2-500. How to Cite Arbitration Decisions
- § 2-600. How to Cite Court Rules
- § 2-700. How to Cite Books
  - § 2-710. Book Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 2-715. Book Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
  - § 2-720. Book Citations – Variants and Special Cases
- § 2-800. How to Cite Articles and Other Law Journal Writing
  - § 2-810. Journal Article Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 2-820. Journal Article Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 2-825. Journal Article Citations – Points of Difference in Citation Practice
- § 2-900. How to Cite Documents from Earlier Stages of the Same Case
§ 3-000. EXAMPLES – CITATIONS OF ...
- § 3-100. Electronic Sources
  - § 3-110. Electronic Citations – Core Elements
- § 3-200. Judicial Opinions
  - § 3-210. Case Citations – Most Common Form
  - Federal Case Citations:
  - Supreme Court
  - Courts of Appeals
  - Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
  - District Courts
  - Bankruptcy Courts and Bankruptcy Panels
  - Court of Federal Claims
  - Tax Court
  - Military Service Courts of Criminal Appeals
  - State Case Citations:
  - Alabama
  - Alaska
  - Arizona
  - Arkansas
  - California
  - Colorado
  - Connecticut
  - Delaware
  - District of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Hawaii
  - Idaho
  - Illinois
  - Indiana
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maine
  - Maryland
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - Minnesota
  - Mississippi
  - Missouri
  - Montana
  - Nebraska
  - Nevada
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New Mexico
  - New York
  - North Carolina
  - North Dakota
  - Ohio
  - Oklahoma
  - Oregon
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - South Carolina
  - South Dakota
  - Tennessee
  - Texas
  - Utah
  - Vermont
  - Virginia
  - Washington
  - West Virginia
  - Wisconsin
  - Wyoming
  - § 3-220. Case Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 3-230. Medium-Neutral Case Citations
  - § 3-240. Case Citations – Conditional Items
- § 3-300. Constitutions and Statutes
  - § 3-310. Constitutions
  - Federal Statute Citations
  - State Statute Citations
  - Alabama
  - Alaska
  - Arizona
  - Arkansas
  - California
  - Colorado
  - Connecticut
  - Delaware
  - District of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Hawaii
  - Idaho
  - Illinois
  - Indiana
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maine
  - Maryland
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - Minnesota
  - Mississippi
  - Missouri
  - Montana
  - Nebraska
  - Nevada
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New Mexico
  - New York
  - North Carolina
  - North Dakota
  - Ohio
  - Oklahoma
  - Oregon
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - South Carolina
  - South Dakota
  - Tennessee
  - Texas
  - Utah
  - Vermont
  - Virginia
  - Washington
  - West Virginia
  - Wisconsin
  - Wyoming
  - § 3-340. Statute Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 3-350. Local Ordinance Citations
  - § 3-360. Treaty Citations
- § 3-400. Regulations, Other Agency and Executive Material
  - § 3-410. Regulation Citations – Most Common Form
  - Alabama
  - Alaska
  - Arizona
  - Arkansas
  - California
  - Colorado
  - Connecticut
  - Delaware
  - District of Columbia
  - Florida
  - Georgia
  - Hawaii
  - Idaho
  - Illinois
  - Indiana
  - Iowa
  - Kansas
  - Kentucky
  - Louisiana
  - Maine
  - Maryland
  - Massachusetts
  - Michigan
  - Minnesota
  - Mississippi
  - Missouri
  - Montana
  - Nebraska
  - Nevada
  - New Hampshire
  - New Jersey
  - New Mexico
  - New York
  - North Carolina
  - North Dakota
  - Ohio
  - Oklahoma
  - Oregon
  - Pennsylvania
  - Rhode Island
  - South Carolina
  - South Dakota
  - Tennessee
  - Texas
  - Utah
  - Vermont
  - Virginia
  - Washington
  - West Virginia
  - Wisconsin
  - § 3-420. Regulation Citations – Variants and Special Cases
  - § 3-480. Executive Orders and Proclamations
  - § 3-490. Attorney General and Other Advisory Opinions
- § 3-500. Arbitration Decisions
- § 3-600. Court Rules
- § 3-700. Books
  - § 3-710. Book Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 3-720. Book Citations – Variants and Special Cases
- § 3-800. Articles and Other Law Journal Writing
  - § 3-810. Journal Article Citations – Most Common Form
  - § 3-820. Journal Articles – Variants and Special Cases
§ 4-000. ABBREVIATIONS AND OMISSIONS USED IN CITATIONS
- § 4-100. Words Abbreviated in Case Names
- § 4-200. Abbreviations for Words Used in Providing Case Histories
- § 4-300. Words Omitted in Case Names
- § 4-400. Reporters and Courts
  - § 4-410. Reporter and Court Abbreviations – Federal Courts
  - § 4-420. Reporter and Court Abbreviations – The States and D.C.
- § 4-500. State Abbreviations
- § 4-600. Months
- § 4-700. Frequently Cited Journals
- § 4-800. Spacing between Abbreviated Words and Periods in Abbreviations
  - § 4-810. Spacing between Abbreviated Words
  - § 4-820. Periods in Abbreviations
- § 4-900. Documents from Earlier Stages of a Case
§ 5-000. UNDERLINING AND ITALICS
- § 5-100. In Citations
- § 5-200. In Text
- § 5-300. Citation Items Not Italicized
§ 6-000. PLACING CITATIONS IN CONTEXT
- § 6-100. Quoting
- § 6-200. Citations and Related Text
- § 6-300. Signals
  - (a) Signals that indicate support.
  - (b) Signals that suggest a useful comparison.
  - (c) Signals that indicate contradiction.
  - (d) Signals that indicate background material.
  - (e) Combining a signal with "e.g."
- § 6-400. Order
- § 6-500. Short Form Citations
  - § 6-520. Short Form Citations - Cases
  - § 6-530. Short Form Citations - Constitutions and Statutes
  - § 6-540. Short Form Citations - Regulations
  - § 6-550. Short Form Citations - Books
- § 6-560. Short Form Citations - Journal Articles
- § 6-600. Context Examples
§ 7-000. CROSS REFERENCE TABLES
- § 7-100. Introduction
- § 7-200. Significant Changes in The Bluebook:
  - 19th edition
  - 18th edition
  - 17th edition
- § 7-300. Cross Reference Table: The Bluebook
- § 7-400. Cross Reference Table: ALWD Citation Manual
- § 7-500. Table of State-Specific Citation Norms and Practices
- Alabama
  - Examples from White-Spunner Constr., Inc. v. Constr. Completion Co., LLC, 103 So. 3d 781 (Ala. 2012)
  - Ala. R. App. P. 28
- Alaska
  - Examples from State v. Dupier, 118 P.3d 1039 (Alaska 2005)
  - Alaska R. App. P. 212(c)
- Arizona
  - Examples from Ry-Tan Constr., Inc. v. Wash. Elem. Sch. Dist. No. 6, 210 Ariz. 419, 111 P.3d 1019 (2005)
  - Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 13(a)
- Arkansas
  - Examples from Hinojosa v. State, 2009 Ark. 301
  - Ark. Sup. Ct. & Ct. App. R. 4-2(a), 5-2(b)
- California
  - Examples from Zuckerman v. Bd. of Chiropractic Exam'rs, 29 Cal. 4th 32, 53 P.3d 119, 124 Cal. Rptr. 2d 701 (2002)
  - Cal. Ct. R. 1.200
  - Cal. Ct. R. 3.1113
- Colorado
  - Examples from Colo. Oil & Gas Conservation Comm'n v. Grand Valley Citizens' Alliance, 2012 CO 52, 279 P.3d 646
  - Colo. C.J. Directive 12-01
- Connecticut
  - Examples from Ruffin v. Dep't of Pub. Works, 50 Conn. Supp. 98, 914 A.2d 617 (2006)
  - Conn. R. App. P § 67-11
- Delaware
  - Examples from Del. Bd. of Nursing v. Gillespie, 41 A.3d 423 (Del. 2012)
  - Del. Sup. Ct. R. 14(g)
- D.C.
  - Examples from Dorsey v. District of Columbia, 917 A.2d 639 (D.C. 2007)
  - D.C. Ct. App. R 28(g)
  - D.C. Super. Ct. Civ. P.R. 12-I(e)
- Florida
  - Examples from North Lauderdale v. SMM Properties, Inc., 825 So. 2d 343 (Fla. 2002)
  - Fla. R. App. P. 9.800
- Georgia
  - Examples from Hollingsworth Concrete Prods., Inc., 274 Ga. 210, 553 S.E.2d 270 (2001)
  - Ga. Sup. Ct. R. 22
  - Ga. Ct. App. R. 24(c)
- Hawaii
  - Examples from State v. Kotis, 91 Haw. 319, 984 P.2d 78 (1999)
  - Hawaii R. App. P. 28
- Idaho
  - Examples from Am. Falls Reservoir Dist. No. 2 v. Idaho Dep't of Water Res., 143 Idaho 862, 154 P.3d 433 (2007)
  - Idaho S. Ct. Internal R 15
- Illinois
  - Examples from Hines v. Dep't of Pub. Aid, 221 Ill. 2d 222, 850 N.E.2d 148 (2006)
  - Ill. Sup. Ct. R. 6
- Indiana
  - Examples from Caesars Riverboat Casino, LLC v. Kephart, 934 N.E.2d 1120 (Ind. 2010)
  - Ind. R. App. P. 22
- Iowa
  - Examples from Al-Khattat v. Eng'g & Land Surveying Examining Bd., 644 N.W.2d 18 (Iowa 2002)
  - Iowa R. App. P. 6.904
- Kansas
  - Examples from Schmidt v. Kan. State Bd. of Technical Professions, 271 Kan. 206, 21 P.3d 542 (2001)
  - Kan. Ct. R. 6.08
- Kentucky
  - Examples from Adams v. NHC Healthcare, 199 S.W.3d 163 (Ky. 2006)
  - Ky. Civ. R. 76.12(4)(g)
- Louisiana
  - Examples from State v. Alfonso, 99-1546 (La. 12/07/99), 753 So. 2d 156
  - La. Sup. Ct. Gen. Admin. R. § 8
  - La. Unif R. Ct. App. 2-12.4
- Maine
  - Examples from Powers Trust v. Bd. of Envtl. Prot., 2011 ME 40, 15 A.3d 1273
  - Me. Admin. Order, No. SJC-216 (Aug. 20, 1996).
- Maryland
  - Examples from State Comm'n on Human Relations v. Talbot County Det. Ctr., 370 Md. 115, 803 A.2d 527 (2002)
  - Md. R. 1-104, 8-504
- Massachusetts
  - Examples from City Council of Agawam v. Energy Facilities Siting Bd., 437 Mass. 821, 776 N.E.2d 1002 (2002)
  - Mass. R. App. P. 16(g)
- Michigan
  - Examples from Great Wolf Lodge of Traverse City, LLC v. PSC, 489 Mich. 27, 799 N.W.2d 155 (2011)
  - Mich. Admin. Order 2006-3
- Minnesota
  - Examples from Breza v. City of Minnetrista, 725 N.W.2d 106 (Minn. 2006)
- Mississippi
  - Examples from Alford v. Miss. Div. of Medicaid, 30 So. 3d 1212 (Miss. 2010)
  - Miss. R. App. P. 28(f)
- Missouri
  - Examples from State ex rel. Sunshine Enters. of Mo., Inc. v. Bd. of Adjustment, 64 S.W.3d 310 (Mo. 2002)
- Montana
  - Examples from Briese v. Mont. Pub. Emples. Ret. Bd., 2012 MT 192, 366 Mont. 148, 285 P.3d 550
  - Mont. Sup. Ct. Internal Op. Rules, § VII
  - Mont. Sup.Ct. Order of Jan. 22, 2009
- Nebraska
  - Examples from Bethesda Found. v. Neb. Dep't of Soc. Serv., 243 Neb. 130, 498 N.W.2d 86 (1993)
  - Neb. Ct. R. App. Pract. 2-109
- Nevada
  - Examples from Nev. Tax Comm'n v. Nev. Cement Co., 36 P.3d 418 (Nev. 2001)
  - Nev. Sup. Ct. R. 123
- New Hampshire
  - Examples from State v. Caswell, 146 N.H. 243, 769 A.2d 387 (2001)
  - N.H. Sup. Ct. R. 16
- New Jersey
  - Examples from Toll Bros., Inc. v. Township of W. Windsor, 173 N.J. 502, 803 A.2d 53 (2002)
  - N.J. Ct. R. 2:6-2
- New Mexico
  - Examples from State v. Johnson, 2009-NMSC-049, 147 N.M. 177, 218 P.3d 863 (2009)
  - N. M. Sup. Ct. R. 23-112
- New York
  - Examples from Aliessa v. Novello, 96 N.Y.2d 418, 754 N.E.2d 1085, 730 N.Y.S.2d 1 (2001)
  - N.Y. Ct. App. R. Pract. § 500.1(g)
- North Carolina
  - Examples from Craig v. County of Chatham, 356 N.C. 40, 565 S.E.2d 172 (2002)
  - N.C. R. App. P., App. B
- North Dakota
  - Examples from Zarrett v. Zarrett, 1998 ND 49, 574 N.W.2d 855
  - N.D. R. Ct. 11.6
- Ohio
  - Examples from State ex rel. Kolcinko v. Ohio Police & Fire Pension Fund, 2012 Ohio 46, 131 Ohio St. 3d 111, 961 N.E.2d 178
  - Ohio Sup. Ct. R. for the Reporting of Decisions (2012)
- Oklahoma
  - Examples from Rogers v. Quiktrip Corp., 2010 OK 3, 230 P.3d 853
  - Okla. Sup. Ct. R. 1.11, 1.200
  - Okla. Crim. App. R. 3.5(C)
- Oregon
  - Examples from Coats v. State, 334 Or. 587, 54 P.3d 610 (2002)
  - Or. R. App. P. 5.20, 5.35
- Pennsylvania
  - Examples from Commonwealth v. Beam, 567 Pa. 492, 788 A.2d 357 (2002)
  - Pa. R. App. P. 2119(b)
- Rhode Island
  - Examples from Cullen v. Town Council of Lincoln, 893 A.2d 239 (R.I. 2006)
  - R.I. Sup. Ct. R. 16(j)
- South Carolina
  - Examples from Johnson v. Collins Entm't Co., 349 S.C. 613, 564 S.E.2d 653 (2002)
  - S.C. App. Pract. R. 268
- South Dakota
  - Examples from State v. Britton, 2009 SD 75, 772 N.W.2d 899
  - S.D. R. Civ. App. P. § 15-26A-69.1
- Tennessee
  - Examples from Furlough v. Spherion Atl. Workforce, LLC, 397 S.W.3d 114 (Tenn. 2013)
  - Tenn. R. App. P. 27(h)
- Texas
  - Examples from Gilbert v. El Paso County Hosp. Dist., 38 S.W.3d 85 (Tex. 2001)
  - Note
- Utah
  - Examples from Menzies v. Galetka, 2006 UT 81, 150 P.3d 480
  - Utah Sup. Ct. Standing Order 4
- Vermont
  - Examples from City of Montpelier v. Barnett, 2012 VT 32, 49 A.3d 120
  - Vt. R. App. P. 28.2
- Virginia
  - Examples from Davenport v. Little-Bowser, 269 Va. 546, 611 S.E.2d 366 (2005)
  - Va. Sup. Ct. R 5:27(a), 5:28(a)
- Washington
  - Examples from Dot Foods, Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue, 166 Wash. 2d 912, 215 P.3d 185 (2009)
  - Wash. Gen. R. 14
- West Virginia
  - Examples from Sedgmer v. McElroy Coal Co., 220 W.Va. 66, 640 S.E.2d 129 (2006)
  - W. Va. Tr. Ct. R. 6.02
  - Note
- Wisconsin
  - Examples from State v. T.J. Int'l, Inc., 2001 WI 76, 244 Wis. 2d 481, 628 N.W.2d 774
  - Wis. App. P. R. 809.19(e)
  - Wis. Sup. Ct. R. chapt. 80
- Wyoming
  - Examples from Lane-Walter v. State ex rel. Wyo. Workers' Safety & Comp. Div., 2011 WY 52, 250 P.3d 513
  - Wyo. Sup. Ct., Order Adopting a Uniform or Neutral-Format Citation (Oct. 2, 2000)

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