Personality pathology
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personality pathology
PERSONALITY PATHOLOGY The psychological structure of the personality includes: Personality orientation, that is, the incentive system, everything that prompts a person to activity (material - the need for food, clothing, housing, spiritual - the need for knowledge, aesthetics and social - the need for work, communication, social activity). Personality capabilities - it is a system of needs that ensures the success of an activity. Self-government system ("I"). Mental processes and states. You also need to know about conditions such as: Psyche, or mental activity - the form of active reflection by the subject of objective reality, which arose in the process of interaction of highly organized living beings with the external world and carries out a regulatory function in their behavior (activity); Mental properties - these are stable formations that provide a certain qualitative and quantitative level of mental activity and behavior typical of an individual; Mental condition - it is a set of signs of mental activity that characterize its state at a given time; Mental processes - these are separate manifestations of a person's mental activity, conditionally distinguished as independent objects of study (sensations, perception, thinking, memory, will, emotions and feelings). Mental norm criteria: Mental phenomena in a person are ordered and their cause is determined. Mental phenomena correspond to age maturity and location, strength and frequency of the stimulus. A clear understanding of your position and place in the environment and among people. A harmonious ratio of the level of claims to real abilities and capabilities. Ability to get along with people and oneself. A critical approach to yourself, your behavior and the circumstances of life. Self-control of their behavior, self-control. A sense of responsibility for oneself, family members, for offspring. The ability to plan your life path, to assert yourself without harming others. Introduction to psychiatry, its goals and objectives Medical psychology is very closely related to such a science as psychiatry. Many methods of psychology have found application in the examination of mentally ill patients, and theoretical concepts- to explain individual psychopathological manifestations. Mental disorders occur not only with purely mental, but also with many somatic, infectious, surgical and other diseases. According to modern epidemiological data, the prevalence of mental illness is 25-33 per 1000 population. However, the real figures are much higher. According to American scientists who conducted a comprehensive epidemiological survey of residents of several states (2001), mental disorders are absent only in 18.0% of the population. Borderline or mildly expressed mental disorders were found in 50.0-58.0%. In 23.0- 30.0%, severe psychotic disorders were found, that is, they are patients in need of the help of a psychiatrist. According to the forecasts of WHO experts, in the 21st century there will be a decrease in somatic and infectious diseases, but there will be an increase in mental illness. Psychiatry is a branch of clinical medicine that studies the etiology, pathogenesis, clinic, prevalence of mental illnesses, develops methods for their diagnosis, treatment, prevention, procedure, methods of examination and rehabilitation of mentally ill patients. Psychoprophylaxis is one of the main tasks of psychiatry. There are several types of psychoprophylaxis: Primary psychoprophylaxis - a set of measures aimed at preventing the onset and development of mental disorders. With the effectiveness of primary psychoprophylaxis, the incidence rates of major mental illnesses decrease. Secondary psychoprophylaxis - this is a set of measures aimed at preventing the transition of an already begun disease into chronic forms. With its effectiveness, the indicators of pain are reduced. Tertiary psychoprophylaxis - this is a set of measures aimed at preventing disability and preserving the working capacity of mentally ill patients. With its effectiveness, the indicators of disability (disability) of the mentally ill are reduced. Psychiatry, like medical psychology, is divided into two sections: 1.General psychopathology - this is a branch of psychiatry that studies the general patterns of the onset and development of mental illnesses, psychopathological processes and conditions. 2.Private psychiatry - this is a branch of psychiatry that studies individual mental illnesses, their etiology, pathogenesis, clinical patterns of development, methods of treatment and rehabilitation. A brief history of the development of medical psychology and psychiatry Psychology has its origins at the dawn of the development of all science. Even Democritus, Lucretius, Epicurus attached great importance to the psychology and mental characteristics of a person's personality. Already in the VIII-VI centuries. BC. some thinkers were on staunch materialistic positions. The founders of medicine, Hippocrates and Galen, pointed out in their writings that mental illness is the result of impaired brain function. At the same time, others, in particular Plato and his student Aristotle (III century BC), considered mental activity to be an independent substrate, torn off from the human body. In his treatise On the Soul, Aristotle identified three types of soul: vegetable, sensitive and rational. Aristotle for the first time in this treatise applied such concepts as sensation, memory, feelings, voluntary movements. A great contribution to the doctrine of the mental life of a person and a patient was made by Avicenna, who described in detail the perception, paid great attention to the study of memory and tried to introduce into practice a new doctrine about the psyche of a sick person, which he called pneulogy. In the XII-XIX centuries. many researchers adhered to materialistic positions. Thomas Gesli directly pointed out that the foundations of mental activity must be sought in the physiology of the nervous system. However, such researchers as Emmanuel Kant believed that natural scientific methods could not be applied to the study of mental processes. Austrian scientist Franz Gal in the 18th century. tried to correlate the features of human mental activity with the structure of the skull. 3. Freud laid the foundations for a completely new approach to the study of sick people -psychoanalysis (a method widely used at the present time). At the beginning of the XIX century. the center for the study of psychology moves to France. Scientists such as Marel, Charcot, Jeanne, Babinsky, Magnan, not only attached importance to the study of psychology, but also expressed the idea of the role of the psyche in the development of diseases of internal organs. For the first time the term psychology in the XVIII century. introduced by Christian Wolf. Psychology was singled out as an independent science after Wilhelm Wundt published the first monograph "Foundations of Physiological Psychology" in 1874. 5 years later (in 1879) he, in Leipzig, opened the first laboratory of experimental psychology and laid the foundation for the scientific study of psychology. In 1820 M. Ya. Mudrov published a book "A Word about the Way to Teach and Learn Medicine", which, in fact, is a textbook on medical psychology. In 1863, IM Sechenov, who is rightfully the father of Russian psychology and physiology, published the monograph "Reflexes of the Brain". I.P. Pavlov developed original methods for the study of nervous activity, described the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of experimental neuroses, characterological types of people. S.P. Botkin and G.A. Zakharyin promoted the principles of the priority of nervous mechanisms in the development of pathological processes. V.M. Bekhterev in 1885 in Kazan opened the first laboratory of experimental psychology in Russia. In 1893 he published a solid work "Pathways of the Brain and Spinal Cord". In 1792, in Europe, in France, Philippe Pinel carried out a reform, which served as the beginning of the clinical direction in psychiatry. F. Pinel elevated the insane to the rank of sick and removed their chains. In 1837, the English psychiatrist John Connolly substantiated the system of non-embarrassment and opposed the use of straitjackets. For the first time he proposed to open special hospitals in which methods of physical restraint were not used. In 1845, the German psychiatrist W. Griesinger published the first scientific manual on psychiatry. At the same time, Models realized the theory of evolution - the principle of the unity of the organism and the environment, which served as fertile ground for the creation in 1896 by Emil Kraepelin of the first nosological classification of mental illnesses. Opening of the first psychiatric hospitals In 1773 in the USA, in the state of Virginia, in the city of Williamsburg, the first psychiatric hospital in the world was opened. In 1776, the first psychiatric hospital in Russia was opened in Novgorod. In 1809, the first psychiatric hospital in Moscow was opened, now the Transfiguration Psychiatric Hospital. In Tashkent, the first psychiatric hospital was opened in 1896. Now, the First City Clinical Psychiatric Hospital. In 1959, in the month of September, a psychiatric hospital was opened in Andijan. In 1975, the hospital was transferred to a standard building on Yu. Otabekov Street. Now AOCOPH is the Andijan Regional Center for Mental Health. Download 112.51 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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