Plagiarism and Referencing

Harvard System

• Must include two sections
• In-text reference ( acknowledgement in the main body of the document)
• A corresponding entry in the list of reference

In-text references

• An in-text reference includes
• The surname(s) of the author(s) of the work
• The year the work was published (where appropriate)
• The page number(s) where the cited information can be found in the publication
• Note:
• A page number is required if you are referring to a direct quotation or to figures/ data produced in a research project.

In-text references

• Examples
• According to Smith, Brown and Adam (1999) it was suggested that marketing is the key functional area of any business
• In a recent research report by Smith, Brown and Adam (1999), it was suggested that marketing is the key functional area of any business
• Marketing is the key functional area of any business (Smith, Brown and Adam, 1999)

In-text references

• The page number must be included in the reference when directly quoting a block of text or when including statistical data from the source
• Notation:
• ‘p. ??’ for a single page
• ‘pp. ??’ for two or more pages

In-text references

• When a work has two authors, both surnames should be included in every citation
• eg (Van Emden and Easteal, 1987)
• When there are more than three authors, only first author’s surname need to be included followed by et al.
• eg (Smith et al. 1993)

In-text references

• Example
• It has been recently revealed that zebras are not native to Africa (Hichell and Williams, 2002)… Hichell and Williams (2002) now contend that zebras originated in Iceland.
• Network technologies have become increasingly complex in recent times (Cook, Burger and Brown, 2000). Local area networks are now very common (Samson et al. 2002)