Polysemy and word meaning: an account of lexical meaning for different kinds of content words Abstract
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word meaning and polysemy
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- 2. Interesting kinds of polysemy
liberal paper).
8 In what follows, I will assume that a theory of word meaning needs to be able to account for polysemy, that is, that a good account of word meaning is also a good account of polysemy. If we have a theory of word meaning that cannot explain some facts about the phenomenon we call polysemy, then there is something wrong with that theory. The next two sections are devoted to explaining that none of the accounts of polysemy (A’-C’) listed above can explain the whole range of observations we currently know about polysemy, the implication being that none of the accounts of word meaning (A-C) are good (unrestricted) theories of word meaning. I will argue that, prima facie, we should adopt a “mongrel” view according to which different classes of words have different kinds of meanings (rich vs. thin). Then, in Section 4, I will raise a problem for this account. 2. Interesting kinds of polysemy In this section, I will present some “facts” about polysemy concerning processing, representation and storage, as well as concerning linguistic tests like co-predication and anaphoric binding. These facts will be presented and discussed in relation to a proto- taxonomy of polysemy patterns. Most research on polysemy has either focused on just one kind of polysemy or failed short of distinguishing one kind from another. However, it is important to differentiate kinds in the study of polysemy because, as it will be seen, differences are substantial and revealing. The taxonomy I offer is motivated by the concerns about word meaning that motivate this paper. I think that, with these concerns in mind, it is possible to distinguish three broad kinds of polysemy: inherent or logical polysemy, merely regular polysemy, and metaphor-based polysemy. Inherent or logical polysemy The label ‘inherent polysemy’ was introduced by Pustejovsky (1995) to refer to a special kind of regular polysemy. Apresjan (1974: 16) described the polysemy of a word A in a given language with the meanings a i and a j as being regular if “there exists at least one other word B with the meanings b i and b j , which are semantically distinguished from each other in exactly the same way as a i and a j (…).” The characteristic feature of inherent polysemy, according to Pustejovsky, is that the different senses of the word in question are of contradictory types. For instance, book in (3a) is of the type info while in (3b) it is of the type physobj . The type of lunch in (4a) is food , and in (4b) it is event (Pustejovsky, 2005): (3a) Mary has written an excellent book. (3b) John sold his books to Mary. (4a) I have my lunch in the backpack. (4b) Lunch was really long today. 9 Pustejovsky (1995) postulates the existence of a special complex type, dot-object, to account for inherent polysemy. Thus, book is not of the type info or physobj , but of the type info•physobj . The types info and physobj are the types of the aspects that constitute the dot object (which can be described as TEXT and TOME , Cruse, 2004). Aspects can be highlighted differentially, as in (3a, b) and (4a, b), respectively. But a peculiarity of dot objects is that they pass co-predication and anaphoric binding tests. Thus, in (5) the book is said to have simultaneously a property that only informational objects can have and a property that only physical objects can have. A similar thing, mutatis mutandis, occurs in (6) with respect to lunch. (5) That heavy book is real fun. (6) Lunch was delicious but took forever. Asher (2011) calls ‘logical polysemy’ regular polysemy that passes co-predication and anaphoric binding tests, and postulates a “dot-objectual” meaning whenever a word exhibits “logical polysemy.” While co-predication tests are not completely reliable (Dölling, forth), they seem to reveal that we can successfully refer to a whole dot- object, or, putting it in other words, that we can think of entities that belong to different, complementary kinds, as coherent, individual, entities. At the same time, we can also conceptualize these entities as involving two different entities, their aspects. Thus, one may think of a book as a physical object (tome) only, as an informational object (text) only, or as both at the same time. In principle, there is no limitation as to the number of aspects that constitute a dot object. In (7), for instance, Brazil refers to a land, an institution, and a people: (7) Brazil is a large two-century-old Portuguese-speaking country (Arapinis and Vieu, 2015) Frisson (2015) presents a study of how we process what he calls “book” polysemies (e.g., book, manuscript, notice, journal, etc.), with results that can be plausibly extended to at least all kinds of inherent polysemies. The study consists in two experiments: a sensicality task and an eye-movement experiment. In the sensicality task, subjects were presented with a prime NP in which the adjective focused on either the tome (e.g., Download 217,37 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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