Power Systems
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Power Systems More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/4622 Sumedha Rajakaruna • Farhad Shahnia Arindam Ghosh Editors
Plug In Electric Vehicles in Smart Grids Energy Management 123
Editors Sumedha Rajakaruna Electrical and Computer Engineering Curtin University Perth, WA Australia Farhad Shahnia Electrical and Computer Engineering Curtin University Perth, WA Australia Arindam Ghosh Electrical and Computer Engineering Curtin University Perth, WA Australia ISSN 1612-1287 ISSN 1860-4676 (electronic) Power Systems ISBN 978-981-287-301-9 ISBN 978-981-287-302-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-302-6 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957146 Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Plug in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) use energy storages usually in the form of battery banks that are designed to be recharged using utility grid power. One category of PEVs are Electric Vehicles (EVs) without an Internal-Combustion (IC) engine where the energy stored in the battery bank is the only source of power to drive the vehicle. These are also referred as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). The second category of PEVs, which is more commercialized than the EVs, is Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) where the role of the energy storage is to supplement the power produced by the IC engine. These two types of PEVs are predicted to dominate the automobile market by 2030. Widespread adoption of PEVs allows the world to reduce carbon emissions in transportation needs signi ficantly. Therefore, it is vital to the success of a collective global effort in meeting the climate energy targets and to reduce the dependence on increasingly scarce fossil fuels. However, signi ficant challenges are thrust upon the utility grid operators on how best to manage the power demand arising due to the charging of PEVs by the grid (G2V) and the power supply due to the Vehicle to Grid (V2G) discharging of energy storages in PEVs. This book covers the recent research advancements in the area of energy man- agement that can be employed to accommodate the anticipated high deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in smart grids. The topics that are covered in this book include smart coordination based on real-time pricing, decentralized demand side management, optimal and distributed control of both G2V and V2G modes of PEVs, minimizing the energy procurement cost and financial risks in an energy hub, voltage droop controller with an event-driven control strategy for the coor- dination of charging PEVs, Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease to control both the active and reactive power consumption and injection in the smart grid, an optimal controller to maximize pro fit based on a novel dynamic model of the system, aggregator bidding into the day-ahead electricity market with the objective of minimizing charging costs, optimal operation of plug-in vehicle fleets in a microgrid characterized by the presence of other distributed resources and a mixed integer linear programming energy management optimization model to schedule the charging and discharging times of PEVs. Hence, this book introduces many new v
strategies proposed recently by researchers around the world to address the energy management of smart grids with high penetration of PEVs. The book is aimed at engineers, system planners, energy market operators, researchers, and graduate students, who are interested in the latest developments in this field of research. vi Preface Contents 1 Overview of Plug-in Electric Vehicles Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza, Denisson Queiroz Oliveira and Paulo Fernando Ribeiro 2 Smart Coordination Approach for Power Management and Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks with PEV Penetration Based on Real Time Pricing . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Bhuvana Ramachandran and Ashley Geng 3 Plug-in Electric Vehicles Management in Smart Distribution Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Antonio Carlos Zambroni de Souza and Denisson Queiroz Oliveira 4 An Optimal and Distributed Control Strategy for Charging Plug-in Electrical Vehicles in the Future Smart Grid . . . . . . . . . . 79 Zhao Tan, Peng Yang and Arye Nehorai 5 Risk Averse Energy Hub Management Considering Plug-in Electric Vehicles Using Information Gap Decision Theory . . . . . . 107 Alireza Soroudi and Andrew Keane 6 Integration of Distribution Grid Constraints in an Event-Driven Control Strategy for Plug-in Electric Vehicles in a Multi-Aggregator Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Klaas De Craemer, Stijn Vandael, Bert Claessens and Geert Deconinck 7 Distributed Load Management Using Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease Based Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Sonja St
üdli, Emanuele Crisostomi, Richard Middleton, Julio Braslavsky and Robert Shorten vii
8 Towards a Business Case for Vehicle-to-Grid —Maximizing Pro
fits in Ancillary Service Markets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 David Ciechanowicz, Alois Knoll, Patrick Osswald and Dominik Pelzer 9 Integration of PEVs into Power Markets: A Bidding Strategy for a Fleet Aggregator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Marina Gonz ález Vayá, Luis Baringo and Göran Andersson 10 Optimal Control of Plug-in Vehicles Fleets in Microgrids . . . . . . . 261
Guido Carpinelli, Fabio Mottola and Daniela Proto 11 Energy Management in Microgrids with Plug-in Electric Vehicles, Distributed Energy Resources and Smart Home Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Okan Arslan and Oya Ekin Kara şan
viii Contents
Reviewers K. Ramalingam, Indian Institute of Technology, India Alexander Schuller, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany Ahmed M.A. Haidar, University of Wollongong, Australia Ricardo R üther, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil Charalampos Marmaras, Cardiff University, UK Alessandro Di Giorgio, University of Rome, Italy Abdul Motin Howlader, University of the Ryukyus, Japan Alireza Soroudi, University College Dublin, Ireland Marina Gonz ález Vayá, ETH, Switzerland Minggao Ouyang, Tsinghua University, China Linni Jian, South University of Science and Technology of China, China Sonja St üdli, University of Newcastle, Australia Klaas De Craemer, KU Leuven, Belgium Filipe J. Soares, INESC Technology and Science, Portugal Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran Zechun Hu, Tsinghua University, China Suryanarayana Doolla, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India Erotokritos Xydas, Cardiff University, UK ix Document Outline
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