Problem and solution Verner's law in Gothic Dating the change described by Verner's law

Verner	*pʰ	*bʱ	*tʰ	*dʱ	*kʰ	*ɡʱ	*kʷʰ	*ɡʷʱ	*s
*z
	Grimm	*ɸ	*β	*θ	*ð	*x	*ɣ	*xʷ	*ɣʷ

(This can however be bypassed in the glottalic theory framework, where the voiced aspirate stops are replaced with plain voiced stops, and plain voiced stops with glottalized stops.)
Having Verner's law act before Grimm's law may help explain the little evidence that there is for the earliest Germanic phonology. There is some evidence for dating Grimm's law changes only to the end of the first century BCE. In particular, the tribal name recorded as Cimbri by the Romans and the river-name recorded as Vaculus (now known as the Waal) suggest that the change from k to h had still not happened around the first century BCE, when Romans were rendering those words into Latin (unless they were rendering the early Germanic *h (/x/) sound as a /k/ because their own /h/ did not often occur between vowels and was at any rate already in the process of going silent).^{[citation needed]} If Grimm's law was operative only in the first century BCE and Verner's law applied after it (followed in turn by the shift of stress to initial syllables), then three dramatic changes would have had to happen in quick succession. Such a rapid set of language changes seems implausible to some scholars.^[who?]
Meanwhile, Noske (2012) argues that Grimm's Law and Verner's Law must have been part of a single bifurcating chain shift.