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CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA
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CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA Martin Buber speaks of a deep relationship between ”I” and ”thou”, and it is very humanistic. And in a world which is becoming increasingly materialistic in every way, this concept of Martin Buber’s seems very religious. But I don’t take it as such; I say it is not at all religious. I think Buber is just attempting a compromise; if ”I” and ”thou” cannot unite they can at least maintain some relationship. Religion stands for the non-dual, indivisible and integrated oneness of existence. This is the difference between love and devotion, upasana. Love is relationship, it is dualistic, devotion is non-dual, non-relationship. Non-relation ship does not mean that two persons have separated; it simply means that they have ceased to be two, they have become one. To be one is upasana, devotion. Devotion is a higher state of love – really the highest state. Unless two lovers become divine, godly, they cannot achieve a real unity. Really, two humans cannot unite, because their being human is the obstruction. A man and woman can at best be related with each other; they cannot be united and one. Only divine elements can meet and merge into each other, because now nothing can divide them. The truth is since they have dissolved themselves as separate entities, the question of unity or separation does not now arise. There is really nothing to unite or divide them; nothing is separate from them. Martin Buber’s concept can lead you to love; Krishna can take you to devotion. And devotion is something utterly different, it is rare. In devotion both ”I” and ”thou” disappear, and what remains after this disappearance is inexpressible; it cannot be put into words. When ”I” and ”thou” disappear there is infinity, which is nameless. Whatever names you use for it – spirit, matter, ”I” and ”thou” – they are all going to be wrong. That is why all the great devotees chose to remain silent, they refused to name it, they simply said, ”It is nameless.” They said, ”It is without beginning and without end, it has neither form nor name.” They said, ”It cannot be expressed in words.” And so they remained silent.
Great devotees became silent; they did not make a statement about the highest truth, because all statements land you in the mire of duality. Man has no such word that is not likely to lead to dualism. All words are loaded with dualistic meanings; the moment you use a word you divide existence into two opposites. As soon as you say a word you divide existence into two. It is as if you pass a ray of the sun through a prism and it divides into seven colors. The prism of language divides every truth into two parts, and a truth divided turns into a lie. It is for this reason that great devotees kept silent. They danced, they sang, they played the flute, they made gestures, but they did not say a word. They said through their gestures, dance, laughter, what that truth is. They have raised their hands toward the heavens to say what it is like. They have said it with their silence; they have said it with their whole being. But they did not use words. I am reminded of a story: During the days of the mutiny, a British soldier stuck a bayonet in the chest of a sannyasin. The sannyasin happened to pass through a military cantonment, and he was in silence. He had been in silence for long; for thirty years he had not uttered a word. The day he went into silence someone had asked him why. The sannyasin said, ”That which can be said is not worth saying, and that which is worth saying cannot be said. So there is no way except to become silent.” And he had been silent for thirty years. Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 226 Osho
CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA It was the time of the mutiny when Indian soldiers of the British army had revolted against their alien masters. The British officers were alarmed, so when they saw a naked sannyasin passing through their military camp, they captured him on the suspicion he was a spy. When they interrogated him he kept silent, and this strengthened their suspicion. The suspicion would perhaps have been cleared if the sannyasin had responded to their queries, but he simply smiled when they asked him who he was. So their suspicion of his being a spy was confirmed, and they stuck a bayonet in his chest. This man, who had been silent for thirty years, broke into a loud laughter and uttered a great maxim of the Upanishad: ”TATVAMASI SHVETKETU!” With this quote from the Upanishad he said to the British soldier who struck him with a bayonet: ”You want to know who I am? What I am, you are.” Truth cannot be said in words; at the most it can be indicated with indications and signs, with gestures and hints. Or like Kabir one can say it with paradoxes, self-contradictory statements. Kabir’s language has been described as sandhyabhasha, which literally means the twilight language. Twilight is a space where it is neither day nor night, where one can neither say a clear yes nor a clear no, where one can neither accept nor deny, where one is neither a theist nor an atheist, where everything is fluid, vague and mystical. It is for this reason that up to now no one has been able to discover a clear-cut meaning in Kabir’s sayings. Krishna’s sayings belong to this same category. Whosoever has attempted to express the truth in words, his language has invariably turned into the twilight language. They cannot be assertive, they have to say yes and no together. Or they will accept or deny the opposites together. And that is what makes their statements illogical and inconsistent. It is for this reason that people who came to know the space where ”I” and ”thou” disappear, where all opposites cease to be and duality disappears, have decided to remain silent. Question 3 QUESTIONER: SARTRE SAYS, ”EXISTENCE PRECEDES ESSENCE,” AND YOU SAY, ”ESSENCE PRECEDES EXISTENCE.” PLEASE EXPLAIN THE ACTUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TWO STATEMENTS. PLEASE ALSO SAY SOMETHING ABOUT THE CONFUSION IN WHICH WE FIND OURSELVES WITH REGARD TO THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEVOTION AND DISCIPLINE, BECAUSE HERE IN MANALI WE ARE PARTICIPATING IN A CAMP MEANT FOR SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE. It is part of my work to put you into confusion. You will know the meaning of this camp only when all distinctions between devotion and discipline disappear. Sartre and other existentialists believe that existence precedes essence, but it is a very odd state, ment. Perhaps never before had such a concept been put forth. Down the ages the contrary belief has been held. Almost every thought system, every philosophy believes that essence precedes existence. So it is good to understand it in depth. All schools of philosophy that were born be, fore Sartre and other existentialists believe that the seed precedes the tree. And it seems natural and logical. But Sartre says the tree precedes the seed. By and large, every thought-system says that essence pre. cedes existence; without essence or soul, existence is not possible. But Sartre asserts that existence comes first and essence later. He believes that in the absence of existence essence cannot be manifested. Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 227 Osho
CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA Let us now go into this question in the context of Krishna. In fact. all philosophical quarrels are childish. Even the biggest philosophical battles have been fought over a problem which can be summed up in a child’s question: ”Which comes first, the chicken or the egg?” It is really around this small question that all the great battles between philosophers have taken place. But those who know will say the chicken and egg are not two. Those who raise this question are stupid, and those answering it are even more stupid. What is an egg but a chicken in the making? And what is a chicken but an egg fulfilled, come to its fullness? Egg and chicken hide each other in themselves. The question of who precedes whom is meaningful if egg and chicken are two separate things. The truth is that they are the same. Or we can say that they are the two ways of looking at the same thing. Or they are two different phases, two states of the manifestation of the same thing. Similarly, seed and tree are not separate. Neither are light and dark. Nor are birth and death They are two ways of looking at the same thing. Maybe, because we don’t know how to see a thing rightly, we see it in fragments. For example, there is a big room inside a house and the house is locked. Someone wants to have a look at the room and so he drills a hole through a wall. Now he peers into the room from side to side. At first a chair will come into view, then another chair, and so on and so forth. He cannot have a full view of the room all at once. And he can very well ask, ”Which comes first and which afterward?” No arguments can settle this question. But if the person manages to enter the room he can see the whole room together, and then he will not ask what comes first. There is a laboratory in Oxford University which has to its credit some of the greatest explorations and researches done in the present century. And I think this laboratory is performing the most significant job for our future. It is known as the De La Warr Laboratory. There a miracle happened when a bud was exposed to a camera, and it turned out in print to be the picture of the full flower into which the bud was eventually going to bloom. The film used in the camera had such high sensitivity, the highest ever, that it captured the hidden potential of the bud in the form of a fully-blossomed flower. It was simply incredible how a camera photographing a bud brought out the picture of the flower that the bud was going to be in the future. At the moment of photographing it was only a bud, and no one knew what kind of flower it was going to make. Maybe the flower was already present, physically present at some mysterious level of existence which we cannot see with our physical eyes – but the extra-sensitive film used in the camera succeeded in seeing it. It was a breathtaking event, and even the scientists working at De La Warr were dazed and left puzzled about how the magic worked. They thought that perhaps at some unseen level of existence the bud and the flower were in existence simultaneously. The scientists thought perhaps through some technical error the film had been exposed earlier, when it had taken in the picture of a flower. Or, maybe some chemical mishap has brought about this inexplicable result. So the scientists decided to wait until the bud turned into a full flower. But when it happened they were amazed to see that it was exactly the same flower whose picture the camera had captured earlier when it was only a bud. They now knew there was no chemical or technical error involved. A photographic miracle – say a scientific miracle – had really taken Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 228 Osho
CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA This small incident happening within the small confines of the De La Warr Laboratory is packed with tremendous significance for the future. We can now say that at some unseen level of their existence the egg and chicken happen simultaneously, but we fail to see it with our gross eyes. It is something in our way of looking at things that the egg is seen first and the chicken afterwards. If we have the eyes of a Krishna, it is not difficult to see them simultaneously. But the way we are, we will say it is something impossible; it defies our reason and logic. But in the past twenty-five years science has been compelled to accept many things that defeat our logic. I would like to cite another case from the scientific lab, so that you don’t go with the impression that I am saying something unscientific. Only some fifty years ago no one could have imagined that it was the case. Soon after man succeeded in splitting the atom and discovering the electron, science found itself in deep water. The behavior of the electron put scientists in great difficulty; how to describe it? Never before had science been faced with such a dilemma; everything was going very well, as science should go. Everything was clear-cut, defined and logical. But with the discovery of the electron science was confronted with a tricky problem; how to define the electron. On being photographed sometimes the electron appeared as a particle and sometimes it appeared as a wave. And there is a great difference between a particle and a wave. If they called the electron a particle it could not be a wave, and if they called it a wave it could not be a particle. Therefore they had to coin a new word in English to define the electron. This new word is ”quanta”. This word is not found in any other languages of the world, because they have not yet reached that depth in science. Quanta means that which is both a particle and a wave simultaneously. But quanta is a mysterious phenomenon; it is both a particle and wave, an egg and chicken together. With quanta science has entered a new phase of its journey. So I don’t agree with Sartre, nor do I agree with those who say essence precedes existence. I don’t accept either position. I see the whole thing in a different perspective. To me, existence and essence are two ways of looking at the same thing. Because of our limited perception, we divide the same thing into fragments. In fact, essence is existence and existence is essence. They are not two separate phenomena. So it is wrong to say that essence has existence or that God has existence, because then it means God and existence are separate. No, if we understand it rightly we should say: God is existence. It is utterly wrong to say that God exists. We say a flower exists because tomorrow this flower will cease to exist. But will God ever cease to exist? If so then he is not God. One who will never cease to exist cannot be said to have an existence. We can say that we exist, because we will certainly cease to exist sometime in the future. But it is an error of language to say that God exists, because he is ever and ever and ever. It is utterly wrong to say God exists; the right way to say it is: God is existence. But language always puts us into difficulty; it is in the very nature of language. In fact, even the phrase ”God is existence” is erroneous, because the word ”is” between God and existence creates a schism and confusion. It means on one side is God and on the other is existence and the two Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 229 Osho
CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA are related by the word ”is”. This word really divides God into two – he and existence – which is again wrong. So even the word ”is” has to go, and we had better say God means is-ness, God means being, God means existence. The word ”is” is also a repetition; it is repetition to say Gd is. ”is” means God; is-ness is God or God is is-ness. That which is, is God. But language has its own limitations; it is created for the dualistic world. This is the reason that one who knows wants to keep away from the trap of words and remains completely silent. The moment he says something, he at once separates himself from what he says; what he says becomes an object. But, in fact, he who says and what he says are one. Under the circumstances, there is no better way than to keep quiet. Someone goes to a Zen sage and requests him to say something about God. The sage laughs and sways. The man says, ”Why do you laugh and sway? Why don’t you answer my question? I have traveled a long way just to ask this question.” The sage now begins to dance, and the visitor is puzzled. He says, ”Are you crazy? I want an answer to my question.” The sage says, ”I am answering your question, but you don’t listen.” The questioner is annoyed and says, ”It seems you are going to make me as crazy as you are. You have not said a word yet.” Now the sage remarks, ”If I say something, it is going to be wrong. Whatever I will say will be untrue. If you cannot understand my silence it is better you go somewhere else where truth is spoken in words. But when the ultimate truth is said in words it becomes false. One can speak so long as he is journeying to the temple of truth; the moment he enters its innermost sanctuary all words, all languages fail. At the ultimate point one has no other way than to become silent.” Wittgenstein, one of the most profound thinkers of this age, wrote a small maxim toward the last days of his life. And what he said in this maxim is extraordinary: ”That which cannot be said must not be said.” Had Wittgenstein been alive I would have said to him, ”But this much has to be said about that which cannot be said: that it must not be said. What you say is also a statement about the inexpressible, and whether you say much or little makes no difference. ” Wittgenstein had written in his first book, TRACTATUS, that whatever can be said can only be said through language. This statement of his is correct to some extent. What is said through gestures will have to be included in this statement, because gestures are a kind of language. A dumb person raises his hand to his mouth to say that he is hungry; it is the language of the dumb. There is a maxim in Hindi which says, ”God is the dumb man’s candy.” A dumb person can very well enjoy the flavor of candy, but he cannot communicate it to others. This means to say that God can only be expressed through gestures – the language of the dumb. In whatever way you express it, whether you do it through silence or a dance or a smile, it all amounts to saying something. But it is true that despite everything we do to say that which is, it remains unsaid and unsayable. What Lao Tzu says in this context is much more profound than Wittgenstein’s maxim. He says, ”Truth cannot be said, and that which is said is not truth.” This much can he said. Therefore those who know often become silent. Question 4 Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 230
Osho CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA QUESTIONER YOU OFTEN SAY THAT WHEN ”I” BECOMES WHOLE IT TURNS INTO ”NON- I” OR ”ALL”. BUT WHAT YOU SAID A LITTLE WHILE AGO CONTRADICTS THIS STATEMENT. IT SEEMS YOU ARE JUST SHIFTING THE EMPHASIS FROM ONE WORD TO ANOTHER. IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE WHOLE ”I” AND THE ”NON-I”? There is no difference. The whole ”I” means this much: that now there is no ”thou”, all thou’s have become assimilated by the ”?”. And when ”thou” and ”I” become one there is no sense in calling it ”I” or ”thou”. So whether we say whole ”I” or ”non-l”, they are two ways of saying the same thing. When ”I” becomes whole it is empty, it is a zero experience; or when ”I” becomes empty it becomes whole. Whatever way you say it makes no difference. The ultimate truth can be said both ways – positively and negatively; it includes both yes and no, and everything too. It is all right if you say nothing about it; it is also fine if you speak endlessly about it. After all that is said and unsaid, truth remains beyond it; truth is always the beyond. But in silence truth is complete, whole. When we look at truth, what is, from a particular viewpoint, we are in difficulty. And we are all used tO looking at truth from some viewpoint; we look at it through the screen of our ideas and concepts, our emotions and feelings. And as long as we have our thoughts and concepts and viewpoints, the truth that we see is bound to be fragmentary and incomplete. It is okay if we are aware that our perception of truth is partial and fragmentary, but the difficulty is that every viewpoint claims to be complete. And when a fragmentary vision claims to be the whole, when it lays claim to being a complete philosophy, it gives rise to great confusion and illusion. There is no such danger if a viewpoint is aware that it is simply a viewpoint. Complete perception of truth is possible only when all points and angles of viewing disappear, when one is nowhere or everywhere, when one is free of all ideas and concepts, of all words and images, of all associations. Then only knowing happens, truth happens. And there are two ways – only two ways – of saying the truth. One way is positive and the other is negative. There is no third way of saying it. Buddha uses the negative way when he says truth is utter emptiness, it is absolute nothingness, it is nirvana. On the other hand Shankara uses the positive way, he calls it the supreme, the brahman, the whole. The irony is that while Buddha and Shankara seem to be contradicting each other, they are saying the same thing: of course, their words, their metaphors, their ways of saying it are different. While Shankara loves the positive way, Buddha chooses the negative one. If you ask me, I will say Brahman is another name for nirvana, and nirvana is another name for brahman. And language comes to its end when both Shankara and Buddha meet. It is really there that truth begins, that truth is. Question 5 QUESTIONER: YOU HAVE SAID THAT WHILE SADHANA OR SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE LEADS TO THE WHOLE ”?”, UPASANA OR DEVOTION LEADS TO ”NO-I”, AND THAT THEY ARE DIFFERENT THINGS. BUT THEN YOU HAVE ALSO SAID THAT DEVOTION AND DISCIPLINE ARE ONE AND THE SAME THING. PLEASE EXPLAIN. No, I did not say that sadhana leads to the whole ”I”; I only said that sadhana takes you in the direction of I or self. If spiritual discipline can take yoU to the whole ”I” then there is no difference Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 231 Osho
CHAPTER 12. DISCIPLINE, DEVOTION AND KRISHNA between sadhana and upasana. But the truth is that you cannot achieve the whole ”I” through efforts, and that is why a moment comes in the life of a sadhaka, a traveler on the path of effort, when he is called upon to drop his self, to give up his ”?”. Efforts can, at the most, lead you to the soul, which is an incomplete attainment. To complete it, to attain the supreme, the sadhaka will have to take a jump and give up the soul too. The devotee makes this leap with his very first step. You cannot come to the supreme through efforts. When all efforts cease, the ultimate truth comes into being. The devotee is in a much better position; he begins with the dropping of the ”I”, and after you have dropped your”l” there is nothing more to be dropped. What the sadhaka attains in the end, the upasaka attains at the very start. And in my vision it is wise that what has to be dropped in the end should be dropped right at the beginning. Why cling to it unnecessarily? Why go through a long and tortuous and useless struggle? Why carry a heavy load on your head from the foot of a hill to its peak, when you are aware that it has to be dropped just before setting foot on the peak? It would be sheer stupidity and waste of energy and time. No one can climb the height of a mountain with a heavy load. Sooner or later it has to be dropped, but we say we will carry it as far as we can. The upasaka is more intelligent, he drops his ”I” at the very start of the journey. And the miracle happens that with the dropping of the ”I” the journey is complete. This is the difference between a doer and a devotee. However there is no difference between them when they have arrived. It is significant that while the journey of a doer is hard and painful, that of the devotee is joyful and easy. The doer’s attachment to his ”I” will continue to impede his progress at every step, and can even force him to leave the journey unfinished. The devotee has to face this problem only once – when he begins his journey. And if he can tackle it rightly he will be finished with it forever. He has another difficulty which comes when he compares himself with the doer. He can be tempted to think that if one can reach the summit with his ”?”, why should he drop it right at the start? He can be confused. But it is a matter of inclination, type and choice that one person takes to devotion and another to discipline and effort. And while it is true that while the devotee s difficulty comes at the start and that of the doer comes at the end, the goal is the same. But remember, the world of Krishna is the world of the devotee, the upasaka. Question 6 QUESTIONER: MEDITATION SEEMS TO BE CENTRAL TO THE CAMPAIGN OF SPIRITUAL REGENERATION THAT YOU HAVE BEEN CARRYING ON FOR THE LAST SEVEN OR EIGHT YEARS. SO PLEASE EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEDITATION AND DEVOTION AND WHETHER IT IS MEDITATION AND SPIRITUAL DISCIPLINE THAT IS CENTRAL TO YOUR TEACHING, OR DEVOTION. To me there is no difference whatsoever. To me words make no difference. The real thing is truth. And it is truth that I teach through meditation, and it is truth again that I teach through devotion and prayer. Even if I speak of spiritual discipline, I teach the same truth. As far as I am concerned it makes no difference. But it does make a difference in the context of Krishna. And it also makes Krishna: The Man and His Philosophy 232
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