Emotional appeals continued… - “We can work magic with your children,” says Eileen of Eileen’s Day Care. “Call upon us, and your children will be happy you did.”
- Liberty Bell Airlines flies anywhere in this great land, from sea to shining sea.
- As a young man, Candidate Alan Wilson learned what it means to work hard by spending long hours lifting boxes and sweeping floors working in a department store.
commonly called logical fallacies invalidate the argument or render argument flawed - Circular Reasoning/Begging the Question
- “Female police officers should not be sent to crime scenes because apprehending criminals is a man’s job.”
- Hasty Generalization - conclusion derived from insufficient evidence
- “Because one apple is sour, all of them in the bowl must be sour.”
Errors in Logical Reasoning - Non Sequitur (“It Does Not Follow”)
- “Because my doctor is young, I’m sure she’ll be a good doctor.”
- False Cause
- Either-Or Fallacy
- “Because of the violence, TV must be either allowed or banned.”
For Each Argument: - Identify the claim.
- Outline the reasons to support the claim.
- What types of evidence are used?
- Evaluate the adequacy and sufficiency of the evidence.
- What emotional appeals are used?
- Does the author recognize or refute counter arguments?
Step 1: Identify the Author’s Assumptions - An author’s assumptions consist of things the author takes for granted without presenting any proof (in other words, what the author believes or accepts as true and bases the argument on).
- Ask yourself, “What does the author take for granted?”
- If the author’s assumptions are illogical or incorrect, the entire argument will be flawed. Readers may be misled unless they identify the author’s assumptions.
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