Reading passages

178- It is explained in the passage that nicotine .................... .

A) hits animals more seriously than humans

B) is the only dangerous factor in relation to smoking
C) has a negative effect only upon the arteries
D) is considered by some investigators as one of the reasons why smoking has an adverse effect on the heart
E) has been considered more dangerous than carbon monoxide for smokers


179- According to the text, studies into the adverse effects of smoking .................... .

A) have proved any relationship between smoking and cholesterol levels in humans

B) have illustrated that vitamin D reduces nicotine in the body
C) have not been able to establish for certain whether or not carbon monoxide could be a main factor
D) have so far not raised any controversial ideas
E) show that nicotine and carbon monoxide may be only minor factors
180- The main concern of the text is to ................... .

A) show that the unfavourable effects of smoking on the heart are still under debate

B) emphasise the effects of nicotine and vitamin d on heart disease
C) describe some experiments on animals to observe the effects of harmful gases
D) compare the harmful effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide
E) exemplify the researches concerning animal disease


Semantics is the technical term used to refer to the study of meaning, and since meaning is a part of language, semantics is a part of linguistics. Unfortunately, “meaning” covers a variety of aspects of language and there is no general agreement about the nature of meaning, what aspects of it may properly included in semantics or the way in which it should be described. The term semantics is a recent addition to the English language. A detailed account of it is to be found in Read.


181- The passage indicates that .................. .

A) language is one of the sub-branches of semantics

B) giving a definition for semantics is a difficult task
C) generally, meaning reminds the same thing whomever it is heard by
D) semantics is a wide concept including quite a few language items
E) technically speaking, semantics is a method to analyse the definitions of apparatuses etc