Reading passages

270 -It is implied that Lloyd's of London --- .
A) is still based on the site of the original coffee shop
B) is, coincidentally, named after a popular coffee shop
C) is the largest shipping company in the world D) is still run by members of the first Mr Lloyd's family
E) has been in business for what must be over 300 years

At the turn of the century, the European powers were hard at work attempting to claim as much land in Africa as possible. Britain's General Kitchner had pushed through the gates of Khartoum, and French troops were fighting Moroccans resisting them. A hundred years later, the possessors of the past have come and gone, and the continent is unfettered from colonialism. It has been a long and painful march to freedom. The African people have been weighed down beneath the yoke of historical circumstance and traumatized by some 400 years of a slave trade, which only ended around 1850. Yet for better or for worse, Africa is finally its own master.

271 -The passage makes it clear that a century ago, --- .
A) Africans achieved freedom by holding protest marches
B) Khartoum won a major victory against Britain's General Kitchner
C) Africa was still mostly unknown to Europeans
D) Europeans were trying to conquer as much of Africa as they could
E) General Kitchner fought against the French in Africa


272 -The word "unfettered" probably means ---- .
A) being held as a slave by another country
B) being forced to march from one place to another
C) traumatic historic circumstances
D) the colonisation of a nation by a stronger one
E) to be set free from some control or restraint


273 -The author states that ---- .
A) all will be well for Africa now that the colonial powers have departed
B) the British and the French should never have left Africa
C) Africans had to struggle hard for their independence
D) Africa's history provides a firm foundation for the steady growth of its nations
E) most nations in Africa are still ruled by European countries

For hundreds of years, the nomadic Sami reindeer herders of Sweden have taken their animals to the lowland snow forests over winter and spent the summer in the high Arctic. However, the timber companies are now excluding them from their winter grazing. The animals survive the cold and snow by grazing on tree lichens, but the forest owners claim that the reindeer damage their property by breaking the tops off the young trees, and are using the courts to try to evict them. The Sami community, on the other hand, say that every village has its own forest areas where they have been taking their reindeer for hundreds of years, since before the settlers arrived from the south. However, the Sami have no written language and cannot prove their rights in court as they have no documents.