Regulation of Microglial Development: a novel Role for Thyroid Hormone
Expression of TR by cultured microglial cells
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Expression of TR by cultured microglial cells
Histological analyses of developing hypothyroid and hyperthy- roid rats indicated that thyroid hormone regulates growth and morphological differentiation of microglia. The possible direct influences of thyroid hormone on this cell population were inves- tigated using cultures of purified microglial cells derived from developing cerebral cortex and striatum. These cells, freshly har- vested from primary glial cultures, had an ameboid phenotype and expressed the ED1 antigen (The´ry et al., 1991). The expression of TR ␣ and TR genes in microglial cultures was analyzed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. In addition to the three transcripts (TR ␣1, TR1, TR2) encoding isoforms that bind T3, we examined two closely related TR ␣ splice variants collectively designated TR ␣2. These variants give rise to isoforms that do not bind T3, but they are expressed at high levels in the developing brain (Lazar et al., 1988; Mitsuhashi et al., 1988a; Strait et al., 1990). As illustrated in Figure 6A, TR ␣1 mRNA and TR 1 mRNA, but not TR2 or TR␣2 transcripts, were detected in microglia kept in vitro for up to 24 hr after purification from primary glial cultures. This pattern of expression was observed regardless of the presence of T3 or FCS in the culture medium (data not shown). Figure 6 shows that TR ␣1, TR␣2, and TR1 or TR 2 mRNA were clearly detected in adult cerebral cortex or in pituitary extracts used as positive controls (Hodin et al., 1989; Puymirat, 1992). Microglial expression of TR ␣ and TR was demonstrated by immunocytochemical detection of the proteins (Fig. 6C,E) using antibodies raised against rat TR ␣ or rat TR, previously used to detect TR gene products in other CNS cell types (Baas et al., 1994; Carre´ et al., 1998). Counterstaining of the cells using isolectin B4 showed clearly that virtually all amoe- boid microglial cells expressed both TR ␣ and TR and that the receptors were preferentially located in the cell nuclei (Fig. 6B– E). Similar staining was also obtained with commercially available antibodies raised against chicken TR ␣ or human TR1 proteins that cross-react with the rodent isoforms, and the microglial expression of TR ␣ and TR proteins was confirmed by Western blots (data not shown). Figure 4. Microglial cells in the fore- brain of euthryoid (A, C, E) and hypothy- roid rats (B, D, F ) at P10. A, B, Cingulate cortex. C, D, Medial part of the corpus callosum; asterisks label the bottom of the interhemispheric scissura. E, F, Septal nu- clei; peroxidase staining with isolectin B4. Arrowheads and small arrows point to blood vessels and microglial cell bodies, respectively. Overall, microglial cell pro- cesses are shorter in hypothyroid rats. Scale bar, 100 m. Lima et al. • Thyroid Hormone Stimulates Microglial Growth J. Neurosci., March 15, 2001, 21(6):2028–2038 2033 |
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