Relative clauses

Slide prepared by Ergasheva Mohiraxon, student of Fergana State University correspondence department, 2nd year primary education group 21.42

Identifying relative clauses

Defining and non-defining clauses

In the schoolyard

Natalie?
The girl who
plays the
piano?
I saw Natalie
the other day.

In the schoolyard

No, that’s Natasha. Natalie is the girl who dropped out of college.

In the schoolyard

She’s working in Davidson’s now. You know, the shop that sells expensive clothes.

Let’s look at the lines more closely

• Emma: I saw Natalie the other day.
• Melanie: Natalie? The girl who plays the piano?
• Emma: No, that’s Natasha. Natalie is the student who dropped out of college. She’s working in Davidson’s now. You know, the shop that sells expensive clothes.
• Clauses printed in red are called relative clauses. They give us more information about the subject or the object of the previous sentence/clause.

Explanation

• The relative clauses in this conversation identify which person/thing they are talking about. The clause who plays the piano tells us which girl Melanie means. The clause that sells very expensive clothes tells us which shop Emma means.
• Relative clauses are usually introduced by pronouns: who, which and that.

WH0

• The relative pronoun who refers to people.

e.g. The woman who lived here before us is a romantic novelist.

• It is also possible to use that when we talk about people especially in informal language.

e.g. This is the girl that has eaten all the biscuits.

THAT/WHICH

• The relative pronouns that & which refer to things. That is more usual than which, especially in conversation.

e.g. The car that won the race looked very futuristic.

• Which is more formal.

e.g. All cells contain DNA which holds genetic information.

WHOSE

• WHOSE - refers to things belonging to people.

e.g. That was the man whose car was stolen.

Subject/object

• Relative pronouns can be either the subject or the object of the relative clause.

Examples:

Marco Polo was a merchant who visited China in the 13th century. (subject)

Glaciers are rivers of ice which form in cold climates on mountains. (subject)

Einstein is a scientist who I admire. (object)

This is the poem that I wrote in my first

year. (object)

Leaving out the relative pronoun

• We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause.

e.g. Einstein is a scientist I admire.

This is the poem I wrote in my first year.

Defining or non-defining relative clauses

• As mentioned above, relative clauses give important information about the subject or object. These are called defining clauses.
• In written language, we sometimes use non-defining clauses which give extra information, which we could leave out, and are separated by commas. That is not used.

e.g. John Lennon, who was born in 1940, was a member of the Beatles.

Relative adverbs

• We can also use some relative pronouns at the beginning of a relative clause:
• WHERE – refers to a place

e.g. We went to a camp where we stayed two years ago.

• WHEN - refers to a time

e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

Identifying relative clauses

1 Identifying relative clauses give more information about the person, place or thing we are talking about.

1 The bus was enormous.

2 The staff are very helpful.

3 The hotel was too expensive.

2 We use these relative pronouns to help identify what we are talking about.

2
that I went to France on
who are on reception now
where we stayed

Noun	Relative pronoun
People	who/that
Things	which/that
Places	where

Which bus?
Who exactly?
Which hotel?

Identifying relative clauses

1 We write the identifying relative clause after the noun it identifies.

1 The place where we are going tonight is ten minutes away by bus.

2 The girl that I was talking to yesterday is sitting over there.

2 If an identifying relative clause has a subject, we do not add an object pronoun.

1 These are my friends who I met them on holiday.

2 A pedestrian crossing is a thing which we use it to cross the road safely.

3 If the subject or direct object of the identifying relative clause is a place, we use which or that, not where.

1 This is the place which I was telling you about.

2 I don’t know the shopping centre that they went to.

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Identifying relative clauses

1 Choose the correct options to complete these sentences.

1 The hardest thing who / that I have to do at work is public speaking.

2 The café which / where sells Moroccan food is our favourite place to eat.

3 Pavement artists are people where / who work in the street.

4 Rubbish is a big problem that / where we need to deal with.

5 There aren’t any restaurants where / that you can smoke nowadays.

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