Relativity: The Special and General Theory
UNIVERSE — FINITE YET UNBOUNDED
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Einstein Relativity
UNIVERSE — FINITE YET UNBOUNDED
129 sidered in Section XXIV . In contrast to ours, the universe of these beings is two-dimensional; but, like ours, it extends to infinity. In their universe there is room for an infinite number of identical squares made up of rods, i.e. its volume (surface) is infinite. If these beings say their universe is “plane,” there is sense in the state- ment, because they mean that they can perform the constructions of plane Euclidean geometry with their rods. In this connection the indi- vidual rods always represent the same distance, independently of their position. Let us consider now a second two-dimensional existence, but this time on a spherical surface instead of on a plane. The flat beings with their measuring-rods and other objects fit exactly on this surface and they are unable to leave it. Their whole universe of observation extends exclusively over the surface of the sphere. Are these beings able to regard the geometry of their universe as being plane geometry and their rods withal as the realisation of “distance”? They cannot do this. For if they attempt to realise a straight line, they will obtain a curve, which we “three- dimensional beings” designate as a great circle, i.e. a self-contained line of definite finite length, which can be measured up by means of a measur- ing-rod. Similarly, this universe has a finite area, that can be compared with the area of a 130 CONSIDERATIONS ON THE UNIVERSE square constructed with rods. The great charm resulting from this consideration lies in the recognition of the fact that the universe of these beings is finite and yet has no limits. But the spherical-surface beings do not need to go on a world-tour in order to perceive that they are not living in a Euclidean universe. They can convince themselves of this on every part of their “world,” provided they do not use too small a piece of it. Starting from a point, they draw “straight lines” (arcs of circles as judged in three-dimensional space) of equal length in all directions. They will call the line joining the free ends of these lines a “circle.” For a plane surface, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, both lengths being measured with the same rod, is, according to Euclidean geometry of the plane, equal to a constant value π , which is independent of the diameter of the circle. On their spherical surface our flat beings would find for this ratio the value , sin ) ( ) ( R r R r π i.e. a smaller value than π , the difference being the more considerable, the greater is the radius of the circle in comparison with the radius R of the “world-sphere.” By means of this relation |
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