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SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
correspond exactly to the three space co-ordinates
in Euclidean geometry. It must be clear even to
the non-mathematician that, as a consequence of
this purely formal addition to our knowledge, the
theory perforce gained clearness in no mean
measure.
These inadequate remarks can give the reader
only a vague notion of the important idea con-
tributed by Minkowski. Without it the general
theory of relativity, of which the fundamental ideas
are developed in the following pages, would perhaps
have got no farther than its long clothes. Min-
kowski’s work is doubtless difficult of access to
anyone inexperienced in mathematics, but since
it is not necessary to have a very exact grasp of
this work in order to understand the fundamental
ideas of either the special or the general theory of
relativity, I shall at present leave it here, and
shall revert to it only towards the end of Part II.
P A R T I I
THE GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY
XVIII
SPECIAL AND GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF
RELATIVITY
HE basal principle, which was the pivot of all
our previous considerations, was the special
principle of relativity, i.e. the principle of
the physical relativity of all uniform motion. Let
us once more analyse its meaning carefully.
It was at all times clear that, from the point of
view of the idea it conveys to us, every motion
must only be considered as a relative motion.
Returning to the illustration we have frequently
used of the embankment and the railway carriage,
we can express the fact of the motion here taking
place in the following two forms, both of which
are equally justifiable:
(a) The carriage is in motion relative to the
embankment.
(b) The embankment is in motion relative to
the carriage.
In (a) the embankment, in (b) the carriage,
serves as the body of reference in our statement
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