Reporter speech/ reporter questions/ reporter verbs
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REPORTER SPEECH REPORTER QUESTIONS REPORTER VER
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REPORTER SPEECH/REPORTER QUESTIONS/REPORTER VERBS PLAN: What is reported speech ? Reported speech: reporting verbs Reported questions: yes/no questions; Wh-questions Tense changes in reported speech Conclusion REPORTER SPEECH/ REPORTER QUESTIONS/ REPORTER VERBS Reporter speech is how we represent the speech of other people or what we ourselves say. There are two main types of reported speech : direct speech and indirect speech. Direct speech repeats the exact words the person used, or how we remember their words: Barbara said, “ I didn’t realize it was midnight” . In indirect speech, the original speaker’s words are changed. Barbara said she hadn’t realized it was midnight. In this example, / becomes she and the verb tense reflects the fact that time has passed since the words were spoken: didn’t realize becomes hadn’t realized. In direct speech focuses more on the content of what someone said rather than their exact words: “ I’m sorry” , said Mark. ( direct ) Mark apologized. ( indirect: report of a speech act) In a similar way , we can report what people wrote or thought: ‘ I will love you forever ‘, he wrote , and then posted the note through Alice’s door. ( direct report of what someone wrote ) He wrote that he would her forever, and then posted the note through Alice’s door. ( indirect report of what someone wrote ) I need a new direction in life, she thought. ( direct report of someone’s thoughts) She thought that she needed a new direction in life. ( indirect report of someone’s thoughts ) REPORTER SPEECH: REPORTING AND REPORTED CLAUSES Speech reports consist of two parts: the reporting clause and the reported clause. The reporting clause includes a verb such as say , tell , ask , reply, shout, usually in the past simple, and the reported clause includes what the original speaker said.
REPORTED SPEECH : punctuation DIRECT SPEECH In direct speech we usually put a comma between the reporting clause and the reported clause . The words of the original speaker are enclosed in inverted commas, either single ( ‘…’) or double ( ‘…’ ). If the reported clause comes first, we put the comma inside the inverted commas: ‘ I couldn’t sleep last night “, he said . Rita said , ‘I don’t need you any more’. If the direct speech is a question or exclamation , we use a question mark or exclamation mark, not a comma: ‘Is there a reason for this ?’ she asked. “ I hate you ! “ he shouted. We sometimes use a colon ( : ) between the reporting clause and the reported clause when the reporting clause is first: The officer replied: “It is not possible to see the Gneral. He’s busy’. INDIRECT SPEECH WARNING:
She told me they had left her without any money. NOT: She told me, they had left her without any money. Nobody had gone in or out during the previous hour , he informed us. WARNING:
REPORTED SPEECH: REPORTINNG VERBS SAY and TELL We can use say and tell to report statements in direct speech, but say is more common. We don’t always mention the person being spoken to with say, but if we do mention them , we use a prepositional phrase with to ( to me, to Lorna ): ‘I will give you a ring tomorrow’, she said. ‘ Try to stay calm’, she said to us in a low voice. NOT : ‘ Try to stay calm, ‘ she said us in a low voice. Jerry said to me, ‘ I need some money’. Jerry said to me ( that ) he needed some money. With tell, we always mention the person being spoken to; we use an indirect object; ‘ Enjoy yourselves ‘, he told them. NOT: ‘Enjoy yourselves’, he told. In indirect speech , say and tell are both common as reporting verbs . We don’t use an indirect object with say, but we always use an indirect object with tell: He said he was moving to New Zealand. NOT: He said me he was moving to New Zealand . He told me he was moving to New Zealand. NOT: He told he was moving to New Zealand. We use say, but not tell , to report questions: ‘ Are you going to now?’ she said. NOT: ‘ Are you going now ?’ she told me. We use say, not tell, to report greetings, congratulations and other wishes: ‘Happy birthday !’ she said. NOT: Happy birthday!’ she told me. Everyone said good luck to me as I went into the interview. NOT: Everyone told me good luck… OTHER REPORTING VERBS
The reporting verbs in this list are more common in indirect reports, in both speaking and writing: Simon admitted that he had forgotten to email Andrea. Louis always maintains that there is royal blood in his family. The builder pointed out that the roof was in very poor condition. Most of the verbs in the list are used in direct speech reports in written texts such as novels and newspaper reports. In ordinary conversation , we don’t use them in direct speech. The reporting clause usually comes second , but can sometimes come first: ‘Who is that person? ‘ she asked. ‘It was my fault’, he confessed. ‘ There is no cause for alarm’, the Minister insisted. REPORTER QUESTIONS REPORTED QUESTIONS are one form of reported speech. Direct question reported speech She said: “Are you cold ? “ She asked me if I was cold He said: “ Where’s my pen?” He asked where his pen was. We usually introduce reported questions with the verb “ ask ”: He asked ( me ) if / whether … ( YES / NO questions) He asked ( me ) why / when / where/ what / how … ( question-word questions ) As with reported statements, we may need to change pronouns and tense ( backshift ) as well as time and place in reported questions. But we also need to change the word order . After we report question , it is no longer a question ( and in writing there is no question mark ). The word order is like that of a normal statement ( subject-verb-object ). REPORTED YES/NO QUESTIONS We introduce reported YES/NO questions with ask + if: Direct question She said, “Do you like coffe?” Reported question She asked if I liked coffee. Note that in the above example the reported questions has no auxiliary “ do ” . But there is pronoun change and backshift. Note that we sometimes use “ whether ” instead of “ if ”. The meaning is the same. “ Whether” is a little more formal and more usual in writing: They asked us if we wanted lunch. They asked us whether we wanted lunch. REPORTED QUESTION-WORD QUESTIONS We introduce reported question-word questions with ask+question word: Direct question He said, “Where do you live?” Reported question He asked me where I lived. Note that in the above example the reported question has no auxiliary “ do ”.But there is pronoun change and backshift. REMEMBER that there are basically three types of question: YES/NO questions: Do you want tea? Question Word questions : Where did you drink tea ? Choice questions : Do you prefer tea or coffee? Reported choice questions have the same structure as Reported YES/ NO questions. Questions with the verb BE always have a different structure : Was the tea cold ? Where is my tea? You can see all these differences in the example below. Look at these example sentences: Direct question reported question YES/NO questions I said:”Can I help you?” I asked if I could help her. She said to us: “Did you feel cold?” She asked if we had felt cold He said: “Are your hands cold? He asked whether my hands were cold. Question-word He said: “ Where are you going?” He asked me where I was going. questions He said: “Why didn’t you say something?” He asked me why I hadn’t said anything. He said: ”When will they come?” He asked when they would come. He said: “ Who has seen Avatar?” He asked me who had seen Avatar. He said: “ How much might it cost?” He asked me how much it might cost. She said to me: “ Where is the the station?” She asked me where the station was. Choice He asked, “Do you want tea or coffee?” He asked whether I wanted tea or coffee. question He said, “Is the car new or second-hand?’ He asked whether the car was new or Second-hand. SOME EXAMPLES OF REPORTED SPEECH Direct speech: “Why is he shouting?” Reported speech: He asked me why he was shouting. Direct speech: “Who doesn’t like cheese?” Reported speech: She asked me who didn’t like cheese. Mary said, ‘ I want to go out with my friends.’ Mary said ( that ) she wanted to go out with her friends. He said, ‘ You should see a doctor.’ He advised me to see a doctor. Robin said, ‘These biscuits taste delicious.’ Robin said ( that ) the biscuits tasted delicious. When we report questions with who, what or which+ to be + object , the verb be can come before or after the object. Direct speech: “Who is the champion?” Reported speech: She asked me who the champion was/ She asked me who was the champion. Direct speech: “What is your favourite colour?” Reported speech: She asked me what my favourite colour was/ She asked me what was my favourite colour. Certain words and time expressions change as follows: Direct speech reported speech Tonight, today,this week/month,etc.now that night,that day,that week/month,etc. then,at that time, at once, immediately yesterday, last night/week/month,etc. the day before/the previous day,the previous night/week/month, etc. , the night/ week/month,etc. before tomorrow,next week/month/year,etc. the day after/ the following/ next day,etc. the next/following week/month/year,etc. two days/months/years,etc. ago two days/months/years etc. before this,these that,those/the/some here there come go CONCLUSION DIRECT SPEECH; DIRECT SPEECH is the sentence that if reported speech tell the real word.The sentences unconnected with : “That ” but with point. INDIRECT SPEECH: INDIRECT SPEECH is the sentences that if reported speech give the main words that the speaker used and not the real word. On indirect speech the sentences connected with “ That” . Time model on reporting verb no need to change but time model on reported speech have to changed according to reporting verb’s time. REFERENCES: 1. GRAMMARWAY 2 JENNY DOOLEY- VIRGINIA EVANS 2. GRAMMARWAY 3 JENNY DOOLEY- VIRGINIA EVANS 3. https://www.englishclub.com 4. https;//www.eslbase.com Download 454.47 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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