Rethinking depression
January 2023 | New Scientist |
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Rethinking depression
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- The rise of Prozac
21 January 2023 | New Scientist |
39 > being tired and defeated – not wanting to be here,” says Rachel Roodhardt, a children’s author based in Folkestone, UK, who has been taking antidepressants for two decades. The idea that this is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain arose in the 1960s, after a low blood pressure treatment was found to trigger low mood in some people. The drug, it turned out, reduces serotonin as well as two other brain chemicals, noradrenaline and dopamine. Antidepressants were then developed that raised one, two or all three of these substances. One of the first was Prozac, which blocks removal of serotonin from synapses, the junctions between brain cells – hence its description as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or SSRI. The rise of Prozac The great commercial success of Prozac in the 1990s cemented serotonin’s reputation as the “feel-good chemical”. That idea was bolstered by genetic evidence from the late 1990s, suggesting that people with depression are more likely to have a gene variant that produces a more efficient version of an enzyme that removes serotonin from synapses – the same enzyme that is blocked by SSRIs. Unfortunately, not all the facts fit neatly into this narrative. As genetic sequencing capabilities expanded and larger, more rigorous studies were carried out, it emerged that our innate propensity to depression is governed not by one gene, but by more than 100. Embarrassingly, the gene responsible for the serotonin-removing enzyme isn’t even one of them. The consensus now is that it has nothing to do with depression risk. Another blow to the serotonin story came from several large reanalyses of all the clinical trial data on antidepressants. Even in the late 1990s, these showed that the difference between the effects of the medicines and placebo is tiny. This is why, after last year’s landmark study was published, its lead author, Joanna Moncrieff at University College London, stated that antidepressants may be just a form of placebo. The main focus of Moncrieff and her colleagues’ paper, however, was the lack of evidence to support the chemical imbalance hypothesis. It is hard to measure serotonin in the brain, but we can measure levels in cerebrospinal fluid of a compound it is broken down into. As the team reported, most studies don’t see lower levels of this compound in people with depression. The findings came as no surprise to psychiatrists. For some years, the website of the UK’s Royal College of Psychiatrists has stated that the chemical imbalance theory of depression is simplistic. Nevertheless, some people who take antidepressants found the press coverage disturbing. “I felt like everything I’ve been told over the years is wrong,” says Roodhardt. She is now in the process of reducing her dose with the help of her doctor, triggered partly by Moncrieff’s analysis. On the other hand, Polly Arrowsmith, a small business owner in London, doesn’t care how antidepressants work. “They make me feel a lot weller and happier and keep my mood stable. I expect to be on them for life,” she says. People shouldn’t conclude that antidepressants don’t work, says Pariante. The consensus among doctors is that, while they are no panacea, they can offer real help. Although, on average, the effects are only a little more than that seen with placebo tablets, this hides the fact that some people improve quite a lot, while others get no benefit, says Pariante. And those who aren’t helped by the first drug they try may be by the second or third. “The level of evidence on antidepressant efficacy is overwhelming,” he says. What’s more, there are still reasons to think serotonin is involved in depression |
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