穨Review. Pdf

Table 4.21 Independent Samples Test of Low-Achievers’ Oral Performance 
Oral Task Experimental Control 
MD 
n 
t 
P 
Pre-test 
8.78 
9.00 
-.21 
20 
-.41 
.67 
Post-test 13.47 
9.26 
4.2 
20 
9.15 
.00** 
** p < .01 

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According to Table 4.21, the low-achievers in the experimental group scored 
slightly lower than those in the control group on the pre-test, with the mean difference 
of -0.21, and the p-value of .67. But the low-achievers in the experimental group 
scored significantly higher than those in the control group (p= .00) on the post-test.
In other words, both the high- and low-achievers’ oral proficiency in the experimental 
group improved significantly after the intervention of cooperative learning, while 
those in the experimental group remained almost the same.
In addition to comparing the average scores of the oral task between the two 
groups, the Paired Samples Test was computed to examine the intra-group 
improvement on each of the five grading items. As shown in Table 4.22, the 
high-achievers in the experimental group gained significantly (p < .00) in the post-test 
oral task on all of the five items of the grading criteria. In other words, the 
high-achievers made statistically significant improvement on the appropriateness, 
vocabulary, grammar, intelligibility, and fluency. 
Table 4.22 Paired Samples Statistics of High Achievers in Experimental Group
N=12 
Pre 
Post 
M 
SD 
t 
p 
Appropriateness 13.66 
16.83 
3.16 
.93 
11.70 
.00** 
Vocabulary 
14.66 
18.00 
3.33 
2.67 
4.31 
.00** 
Grammar 
12.83 
17.66 
4.83 
2.12 
7.88 
.00** 
Intelligibility 
13.16 
16.83 
3.66 
1.15 
11.00 
.00** 
Fluency 
14.50 
16.50 
2.00 
1.90 
3.63 
.00** 
As a sharp contrast, the high achievers in the control group gained significantly 
only on the item of grammar, as shown in Table 4.23. The score of the pre-test was 
13.00 and that of the post-test was 15.33. The p-value was .00. However, the other 
four items, i.e., appropriateness, vocabulary, intelligibility, and fluency, did not show 
any sign of significant improvement on the post-test.